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Page added on May 11, 2024

Why the IEA is Wrong About Peak Oil Demand

The IEA predicts peak oil demand in 2028 due to the shift towards cleaner energy technologies.
OPEC disagrees, forecasting rising oil demand driven by increasing energy needs in emerging economies.
Two key factors often overlooked in oil demand forecasts are the growth of the middle class in emerging economies and the energy demand for artificial intelligence.

It is fairly common nowadays to see relatively near-term estimates for a point at which demand for petroleum-based fuels begins to decline. The term often used to describe this “tipping point” is Peak Oil Demand. When I say “near term,” I mean right around the corner if you look at an estimate published last year by the International Energy Agency-IEA, an intergovernmental agency headquartered in Paris, France, and originally established after the Oil Embargo of 1973 to help cushion against future oil shocks. This agency has expanded its mission to a fairly broad remit over the years since, and it is not the purpose of this article to detail all its endeavors. One role we will highlight is that of the one it plays in gauging and advising member governments on energy security and energy sources for the coming years.

In that capacity, the IEA in a report entitled, Oil 2023, and published last year settled on 2028 as the year past which the use of petroleum fuels will begin to decline.

“Growth in the world’s demand for oil is set to slow almost to a halt in the coming years, with the high prices and security of supply concerns highlighted by the global energy crisis hastening the shift towards cleaner energy technologies, according to a new IEA report released today.”

This view is largely shared, particularly with respect to liquid motor fuels, by other agencies and organizations that produce long range estimates. The U.S. Energy Information Agency-EIA, Rystad, and Det Norske Veritas- DNV, all show this category tailing off rapidly in the 2030s as electric vehicles assume larger shares of passenger vehicles. We will call this the “Bear Case” for liquid fuels.

As you might expect the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries-OPEC, disagrees with this view. In fact in their recent report on oil demand outlook, published in Nov 2023, they see oil demand of all kinds, except for electricity generation, rising from ~105 mm BOPD in 2025, to 116 mm BOPD in 2045. This forecast show use of oil as a road fuel continuing to be the largest source of demand increase for this period.

The report notes that “the divergence between the IEA and OPEC outlooks is largely due to assumptions regarding the speed at which internal combustion engine vehicles will be replaced by electric vehicles.”

What is interesting is that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to see a production trend being established that would support the bear case. In the U.S., we are pumping at a rate of over 13.2 mm BOPD and still importing ~6.7 mm BOPD to feed our nearly 22 mm BOPD daily habit. The U.S. Energy Information Agency-EIA forecasts in their monthly Short-Term Energy Outlook-STEO that by the end of 2025, global production and demand fall into a fairly tight balance at 105 mm BOPD. That certainly isn’t a long-term trend, but as is often said, the long-term trend is made up of a bunch of short-term ones. For my part, I would say that the trend line in the STEO graph below matches the OPEC estimate more closely than the other three.

Both of these notions cannot be true. Which is the correct assumption about future oil demand? Or are they both wrong? What are two factors these two disparate views of oil demand are not taking into account?

The first answer lies in how you interpret the growth of the middle class in China, India, and Africa in terms of energy demand and the final form it will take. The second is the advent of energy demand for Artificial Intelligence (AI), an entirely new source of demand that is just now starting to appear in energy demand forecasts. I discussed one possible outcome of this demand for U.S. natural gas in an article in March 2024.

To be clear, I am not arguing that AI demand will directly impact crude oil demand as a primary source. Most analysts are factoring renewables and natural gas to meet AI demand. What will impact demand for WTI and other baskets of crude is the relationship to light oil production in the U.S. and the associated gas that’s produced along with it. We will leave that discussion for a future article and refocus on our basic topic. What could oil demand actually be when accounting for growth in currently underserved but upwardly aspiring lower classes?

Then there is the Bull Case for oil. Arjun Murti, a well-known energy commentator and partner at energy analyst firm Veriten, as well as a former Goldman Sachs energy analyst, discussed future energy demand in a recent podcast on his Super-Spiked blog. In the episode titled, “Everyone is Rich,” Arjun posits what the impact on world energy demand would be if everyone was as energy-rich as the “Lucky,” 1.2 billion people that live in the Western World. More specifically, Arjun asks what it would mean for the other 7 billion people in China, India, Asia, and Africa to have the lifestyle that Americans, Canadians, Europeans, and a few other countries enjoy. The answer he comes up with on an absolute basis, 250 mm BOPD, using a reference point of 10 bbls a year!

Where are we now? The U.S consumes ~22 bbls of oil annually per capita while China consumes 3.7 bbls per capita. Indians use just 1.3 bbls per annum. That’s a pretty wide gap, and as Arjun notes, “economic growth and energy growth are one and the same. You do not get economic growth without adequate energy.”

One of the arguments put forward by the Peak Oil crowd is that efficiency growth Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and energy substitution will bend the curve on oil demand, as noted in the 2030’s, and spell the twilight of fossil fuels. Arjun points out that there is simply no evidence this is happening using data compiled by Goldman Sachs through 2019. Efficiency gains never lower the amount of energy needed to produce an additional dollar of GDP, above 2.7% GDP growth. A point rarely hit in modern times. To close that gap and attain growth you need more energy inputs. Oil.

Looking at Arjun’s graph below, which uses China as an example, we can see with their present demand of 3.7 bbls per capita which equates to about 15 mm BOPD. With 10 bbl per annum added on for growth in the middle class, you get to 35 mm BOPD to meet Chinese energy demand. Even if China attains 100% Electric Vehicle-EV penetration, not something Arjun (or I) believe is possible, you still have 27 mm BOPD of oil demand. According to SP Global China produces about 4.1 mm BOPD, leaving a gap of about 11 mm BOPD they must import to meet present-day demand.

A point that leads me to what Arjun noted as the ultimate demand limiter and why, although countries that will surely desire to increase their oil usage may not be able to do so. Geopolitical limits to imports. Quoting Arjun, “There is no precedent for countries importing 20-30 mm BOPD” to meet their energy needs. The U.S., before the advent of shale production was importing over 10 mm BOPD as recently as 2005. That’s what we know is possible.

It should be noted that India is in a similar fix and for it to meet Arjun’s 10 bbl per capita standard for being rich, they must import 35-45 mm BOPD. We just don’t know if this can be done from both a logistical and sheer capacity of supply basis. As the EIA graph above highlights global oil production has increased only about 3 mm BOPD since 2019. In order for the world’s poor to become richer, a great deal more oil will have to come to market.

Your takeaway

The message of the growth of the middle class globally often gets lost in the constant blare of climate change and energy transition noise. The fact remains that the world we live in today and the one likely to exist at mid-century, runs on oil.

The notion that the world can quickly and painlessly transition to other forms of energy has developed some, not holes, but gaping craters in recent times. Offshore wind farms are being canceled as costs mount. Car manufacturers are delaying implementation of EV rollouts due to lack of interest from consumers. Communities impacted by siting of solar farms are pushing back on land use as they propose to gobble up large tracts for this purpose.

Roger Pielke, another well-known energy commentator and author, in a post in his Substack, The Honest Broker, cites a White Paper by Vaclav Smil that discusses our energy transition progress to this point-

“All we have managed to do halfway through the intended grand global energy transition is a small relative decline in the share of fossil fuel in the world’s primary energy consumption—from nearly 86 percent in 1997 to about 82 percent in 2022. But this marginal relative retreat has been accompanied by a massive absolute increase in fossil fuel combustion: in 2022 the world consumed nearly 55 percent more energy locked in fossil carbon than it did in 1997.”

Balanced against this lack of progress in substituting oil for other forms of energy is the fact that the world’s energy supply is in a tight balance with demand at present. If the poor of the world make even modest progress toward Arjun’s 10 bbl per annum prognostication in the coming years, the Bull Case for oil will certainly asset itself.

By David Messler for Oilprice.com

9,428 Comments on "Why the IEA is Wrong About Peak Oil Demand"

land dept on Fri, 18th Oct 2024 6:55 pm

You have to love the Thai people. They are understand that sex was always part of the human experience and they are not a shame of it. Fucking useless progressive European with their shit woke values. I am going to fuck Europe over with trade sanctions and close UN New York headquarters and declare the staff working there as internal spies. I will fuck over the Jews and Israel for their involvement in pushing feminism using US universities.

1:06 grabbing her

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNjCyaYn96E

jonhg on Sat, 19th Oct 2024 4:50 pm

aliexpress.com is behaving like a big AI software that is about to crash and is full of programming bugs. You have to see this shit to believe it and even then.

I did a lot of purchases on AliExpress last year because I knew the collapse was coming. I updated my shop with missing tool and replace older tools. I bought oscilloscopes, pliers, electrical connector, electronic components. Last year I bought a tons of shit from AliExpress and it was working pretty good.

Oh man things have changed on AliExpress since them. 20 dollars tools you buy for 7$ dollars and your receive it at home. 2$ dollar article list for 100$ with 10000 sold items. Obviously a fraud. This piece of shit behave like an AI that is about to crash.

joe on Sun, 20th Oct 2024 9:33 pm

If you don’t choke neck a bitch during sex, you are doing it all wrong. 40:52 41:08 41:21

you get the idea fucking useless feminized Europeans and Jewish men.à

https://fr.xhamster.com/videos/perky-titty-teen-cece-capella-gets-her-pink-pussy-pounded-xhysZy1

joe lapoete on Sun, 20th Oct 2024 9:56 pm

UN Agencies Commit to Stand Together to End Violence Against Women and Girls

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQC0UwQ2lS4

United nations, wef, European unions and others are in the business of feminizing men to make earth invasion easier and safer for them. UN, WEF and other should be killed on spot.

alnd debt on Sun, 20th Oct 2024 10:40 pm

The goal of the food pyramid is to stop men muscles mass growth by recommending vegetable and fruit first. The pyramide need to be inverted. To build muscles mass you need meat and dairy. I stopped eating fruits and vegetable 10 year ago.

https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/healthy-eating-pyramid/

allo kjes on Sun, 20th Oct 2024 10:47 pm

Look at UN and WEF food recommendations for the future. No meat no dairies. Because they know this is how you build muscles mass not with insects and vegetables.

aland jone on Sun, 20th Oct 2024 11:18 pm

Only the chosen ones will live. All the rest of earth populatin will be killed.

alian leduc on Sun, 20th Oct 2024 11:28 pm

Bloomberg Business News live feed is down.

https://www.youtube.com/@markets/featured

The whole matrix is being dismantled. Go do shopping on Aliexpress.com, it is really obvious that the matrix is being dismantled.

It is over only the chosen ones will live.

lain deput on Sun, 20th Oct 2024 11:37 pm

Bloomberg Business News live feed is down.

https://www.youtube.com/@markets/featured

The whole matrix is being dismantled. Go do shopping on Aliexpress.com, it is really obvious that the matrix is being dismantled.

Go do shopping on Aliexpress.com. Pretty obvious that they dismantling this matrix. You will see shit like this on Aliexpress.com:

-Sipping price 1.11$
-Number of available items: 999
-Number of sold items 10 000 but you have 0 customer reviews.
-The same items listed with 10 différents going from very low price to high price.

It is over only the chosen ones will live.

joe on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 1:47 am

The matrix is being dismantled as I speak. So obvious when you look at aliexpress.com. But here is another example of the internet matrix being dismantled also.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqN08Z4e0HM

alain debub on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 7:46 am

Some people are making fun of the police force. I am not the only fed up to have all kind of authorities ruling over me: police, government, municipality, gun license, divorce tribunal.

You lost your civilisation and men like me will not be there to rebuild it after it collapses. You are on your own.

This is us making fun of your police forces.

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/QIvgoTT6jLc

joe laporete on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 8:15 am

She wants to cry at 8:59. She want to cry through the whole interview. I hope the emails I sent directly to KamalaHarris.com are partially responsible for the depressive state. I hope the fucking bitch die in pain and misery.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOrykPTpasM

aldin deput on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 9:01 am

What if hand guns are not as deadly as the medias and films portrait them. What if it was just a hoax to manipulate people so they obey the police force.

Have people made a calculation using the conservation of momentum. This is the real reason for banning hand guns, to make sure that people don’t find out that they are not that deadly. After all, everything on earth is a lie. Apparently I am the only person on earth that have noticed that people neck got longer.

https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/9-3-conservation-of-linear-momentum

How much energy can you put in a 9 mm bullet.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9s2__iA6zw

deub on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 10:56 am

This will be my third shower today. My skin is itching again. I can wait to leave planet earth or I can wait for the whole population of earth to die so I can finally be alone.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYEgYVyBDuM

Let's leave on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 11:00 am

This will be my third shower today. My skin is itching again. I can not wait to leave planet earth or I can not wait for the whole population of earth to die so I can finally be alone.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYEgYVyBDuM

And the scientific thing you eat pig behave like pig on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 3:18 pm

We’re lover’s of supremacist Muzzies

ojoe laapo on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 8:55 pm

This is the kind of training at 2:23 that you would do, if you are preparing soldiers to take control of government agencies buildings, NGO buildings and proceed to interrogate high level administrator.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PZ5yhwgFXQ

forbes al on Mon, 21st Oct 2024 8:58 pm

Made a mistake. I meant 1:17 is the training you would do.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PZ5yhwgFXQ

aldine djept on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 1:35 am

Finding and extraction. Finding high level administrators working for BlackRock, UN, WEF, EPA and extracting them for heavy interrogation in a appropriate facility. That would be my guess

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiyoeBUninA

jdoe alapet on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 2:05 am

1:21 the seats should faced outward. This is kind of vehicle you want to kill an unarmed population living in big cities, or patrol the outside perimeter and kill everyone that try to leave a big cities.

Disarming the population using restrictives firearms laws might be the biggest mistake the enemy ever did.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1tShq_YFBo

Easy to build and maintained these kind of vehicle are.

Colorado on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 2:16 am

Canadian Army Buys 90 Light Tactical Vehicles

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1RCiaPlslg

It is exactly what I wanted. Disarming the population using restrictives firearms laws might be the biggest mistake the enemy ever did.

alaibn depuis on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 3:10 am

Politics is the pursuit of resources – one step shy of open warfare.

The political left, is the wounded feminine.

And as such the wounded feminine doesn’t care about truth, or facts. And the political left reflects this.

Speech is a weapon, and politics IS ABOUT DIVISION OF RESOURCES – one step short of open warfare.

Lies, threats, corruption… why do your daughter and wife support a political party steeped in these practices? Because to a woman – these things are not bad. These are her everyday weapons. The fish has no idea there is water – you can NEVER SHAME democrats for lying or making threats, or using other criminal methods of coercion… because THAT ENTIRE SEGMENT OF THE POPULATION DOESN’T THINK THAT THOSE THINGS ARE BAD.

Point that **** out all day long – the only thing wounded feminine is doing is figuring out what part of the lie you detected so they can do it better next time. In order to get what they want. Because they feel like it. To what end? The highest moral cause of all OF COURSE: to take ALL THE TOYS away from everyone, and then be the special one who gets to distribute them – BECAUSE THAT IS WHAT YOU WANT TO DO deep in the pit of your stupid irrational Id – that is all the **** you are. Flimsy, two-dimensional, ******* stupid, transparent, boring, uninspired, and you’re going to get us all killed you dumb bitch.

——————————————-

This is comment I took from somewhere else This guy really understand female nature. Him and I understand females are failed creation.

I told you that earth was my reality to entertained me until my new body is ready. This is my plan to kill people living in big cities and it is being put in place inside this fake CGI reality. Who control earth, I do.

This was my plan, I made comments about this is on this website a year ago.

Disarming the population using restrictives firearms laws might be the biggest mistake the enemy ever did.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1RCiaPlslg

aldin edepu on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 5:04 am

Depending how the demographic decline will take place, the West will lose its best men and will be left to rotten as the dying corpse it is already. I made comment about this and civilizational knowledge lifeboat.

https://www.zerohedge.com/political/inside-trend-americans-retiring-abroad

joe laporte on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 5:27 am

Fucking losers. The West is just full of losers. Men like me have already abandoned the West mentally. I am still in Canada but emotionally have detached from it and want to see everyone dead in Canada. You really don’t understand human psychology this is why you are incapable of building lasting civilizations. You are just fucking losers. You still cannot comprehend how we used women to destroy the West. You are just too stupid for that.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBn6DqGUNK0

alaib delon on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 5:54 am

I guess the controllers of earth, never envisioned of scenario where nations militaries will turn against them and come to hunt them down. You never envisioned this scenario otherwise you would not have created these firearms laws and left the population and yourself defenseless.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1RCiaPlslg

alain platen on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 6:13 am

I never understand the reason to disarm a population like earth is doing it now. You must be really sure of yourself that you will never lose control of your militaries to disarm your population like Canada did. You usually keep a safe guard against losing control of your militaries by keeping your population armed. Really bad tactical decision from my point of view.

joe lafleuer on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 7:26 am

I was always someone who speak with a really vulgar language.

alaid laprise on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 7:51 am

I told you they use rock roll music to softly manipulate psychologically people. Just the title says a lot : refugee

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbWDV72oQlo

We got something, we both know it
We don’t talk too much about it
Ain’t no real big secret all the same
Somehow, we get around it
Listen, it don’t really matter to me, baby
You believe what you want to believe
You see, you don’t have to live like a refugee
(Don’t have to live like a refugee)
Somewhere, somehow
Somebody must have kicked you around, some
Tell me, why you wanna lay there
And revel in your abandon
Honey, it don’t make no difference to me, baby
Everybody’s had to fight to be free
You see you don’t have to live like a refugee
(Don’t have to live like a refugee)
Now baby, you don’t have to live like a refugee
(Don’t have to live like a refugee)
No!
Baby we ain’t the first
I’m sure a lot of other lovers’ been burned
Right now, this seems real to you
But it’s one of those things you gotta feel to be true
Somewhere, somehow
Somebody must have kicked you around, some
Who knows, maybe you were kidnapped
Tied up, taken away and held for ransom
Alright! It don’t really matter to me, baby
Everybody’s had to fight to be free
You see you don’t have to live like a refugee
(Don’t have to live like a refugee)
No, you don’t have to live like a refugee
(Don’t have to live like a refugee)
Now you don’t have to live like a refugee
(Don’t have to live like a refugee)

aldne deport on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 7:59 am

The strength of a leader is measured as someone who bring people up not down, she said.

Electric Light Orchestra – Don’t Bring Me Down (Official Video)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9nkzaOPP6g

allaie lape on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 8:10 am

They must be really sure of themself if they disarm the population with abusive firearms laws. If the militaries turn against them, the population will not be there to save their ass. They must be really arrogant to disarm the population. I will repeat, this could be their biggest mistake.

aldie dpe on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 10:26 am

John Mellencamp – Authority Song (Official Music Video)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsEwK69LXjQ

release on October 23, 1983

The authority always win, meaning you better to accept that you are a slave and will always be a slave.

Alain Delon on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 10:33 am

Who name is music band foreigner. What is the definition of foreigner.

Définitions de foreigner:
a person born in or coming from a country other than one’s own.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySb1f9zWJkQ

Foreigner = diversity = inclusion= multiculturalism

allan laporte on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 11:05 am

I always thought this song was something that could only come out of the mind of pedophile.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzQvGz6_fvA

Pierre lnagevine on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 11:53 am

Since the population has been disarmed. you can put anyone in these seats. If you have a good solid seat with good chest and waist belts, you can put anyone in these seats to shoot at unarmed citizens. You just need to train them on how to use the automatic rifle.

This was the biggest mistake they made, disarms the population with restrictive firearms laws.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1RCiaPlslg

alla joe on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 1:13 pm

Who call its band by the name of men at work, unless it is a psychological trick to enslave people at doing hard manual labour.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SECVGN4Bsgg

lapierre jen on Tue, 22nd Oct 2024 1:17 pm

Notice that there is no music bands named slaves at work, or free the slaves, or women control men.

ALAI DEIUPUT on Wed, 23rd Oct 2024 9:44 am

I was not supposed to make an comment today. But I love it. The SQ is making fun of itself, with the fake knife and tactical vest overload with shit to the point that it is making the body movements more difficult and slower.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FH7PsGoLO-k

For once I am pleasantly surprised by QUuuÉBEC,.

alain deupus on Wed, 23rd Oct 2024 10:23 am

Look at the fucking rust on the bridge at 0:24. Make my think of my car. I can understand that people would invade Thailand and Brazil, they both have nice weather and nice vegetation. Why would someone immigrate to Québec is still a mystery to me. The vegetation is ugly, the infrastructures are old, the weather sucks with 6 months of winter.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FH7PsGoLO-k

alain ledu on Wed, 23rd Oct 2024 12:28 pm

I was not supposed to make an comment today. But I love it. The SQ is making fun of itself, with the fake knife and tactical vest overloaded with shit to the point that it is making body movements more difficult and slower.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FH7PsGoLO-k

What you are seeing here is the province of Québec including SQ police forces sabotaging the province of Québec from inside. This is internal destruction of Québec done from the inside by Whites Quebecers themself.

alaid deput on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 2:40 pm

What is this? The fake frequency John Deere GPS uses on their tractors. You guys were able to get access to John Deere programing code and electrical design documents of their GPS system.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwyRW23EVbc

aldin djeput on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 2:43 pm

What is this? The fake frequency John Deere GPS uses on their tractors. You guys were able to get access to John Deere programing code and electrical design documents of their GPS system.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwyRW23EVbc

John Deere GPS system

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GqgI54dUYA

aldie dpe on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 2:46 pm

Joh Deere GPS auto steer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIWkikY6CUE

You guys where able to gain access to the programming code and electronic design document. Where you able to identify the radio frequency used.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwyRW23EVbc

aldoe loaore on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 3:29 pm

You need the John Deere communication protocol. You should find the type of messages and the bits , bytes structure of messages. This way you should be able to read the messages.

aldode on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 3:38 pm

I was smoking a cigarette outside at the convenience store. You can clearly see the pine trees dying such as belong. They even have dying picture of trees of the web such as below.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longleaf_pine#/media/File:Pinus_palustris_UGA1.jpg

Earth trees are effectively dying. It is a backward entropic degradation clock. Earth is an execution chamber.

alaind debug on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 3:40 pm

I just read revelation 21 for the first time. Everyone on earth will die according to this revelation a new reality will be created for the chosen ones. This is what revelation 21 is saying.

alain deubt on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 3:51 pm

You should know if you are a chosen one by the number of showers you have to take and by looking at the changes on your skin. You will also need to shave your whole body because otherwise the skin get itchy because the body hair trap all kind of dust that cannot be removed using a shower and a brush.

aline lapoteian on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 3:55 pm

With an upgrade body, you can hit hard surfaces with your fist and feel no pain. You can hit with full force. You might fell a small pain later on but it is not really painful.

joe ledux on Thu, 24th Oct 2024 3:57 pm