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Streetcars - the true end of suburbia begins

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General interest discussions, not necessarily related to depletion.

Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby emersonbiggins » Thu 21 Aug 2008, 16:56:48

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('the48thronin', '
')Maybe you haven't seen the hybrid trucks already being demonstrated, BUT in fact the adaptation I described above clearly said Electric traction using overhead electricity


If you're going to the expense of constructing catenary lines, you might as well go ahead and put a couple of steel rails underneath, to decrease rolling resistance and increase efficiency.

I believe they call these vehicles "trains."

:roll:

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('the48thronin', 'T')he existance of peak oil will provide the reason to develop something new, not to resurect something old and unworkable.


So, you're going to save OTR trucking by making trucks act like trains?

The obvious solution would be to go with 100% electric trains.
"It's called the American Dream because you'd have to be asleep to believe it."

George Carlin
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby VMarcHart » Thu 21 Aug 2008, 17:00:26

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('the48thronin', '.')..electric traction using overhead electricity that was also the grid for distribution of wind power...
I'm a wind power developer, so I speak from a little bit of knowledge. I sure would like to see your plans for that. Off the bat, it's a stretch. It sounds like a piece of technology trying to solve the problem created by another piece of technology. You know where this will lead.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby doomlover666 » Thu 21 Aug 2008, 17:51:16

48thronin are u by chance a truck driver that lives in the south, that is a conservertive, bible thumping, nra card carrying member, by chance? Just curious?
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby doomlover666 » Thu 21 Aug 2008, 17:53:23

damn I am good I just saw your info!!! LOL
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby shortonoil » Thu 21 Aug 2008, 18:23:54

emersonbiggins said:

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I') believe they call these vehicles "trains."


Priceless!
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby dohboi » Thu 21 Aug 2008, 18:30:18

"only survives and prospers in countries where wealth and power is concentrated in a small elite"

That sounds pretty much like the US today, and even more tomorrow.

Having a diverse transport system is clearly an advantage. Putting all our eggs in any one basket, whether rails or trucks, is not wise. But trucks are going to have (and are already having) a harder time keeping up with rising diesel prices. Barges will likely become mor important for transport of more goods. Planes will continue to diminish in importance.

Beyond these fairly certain trends, it is indeed dfficult to guess what will evolve. It's hard for me to see how a lot of long-distance trucking can survive ever-sky-rocketing gas prices, though.

The main point is that we are going to have to increasingly localize nearly everything. Shipping everything around the world and acroos the country has alway been insane and that insanity will become more and more impossible to maintain.

As an urban dweller, it seems to me that a major part of the "appeal" of suburbs has actually been a largely irrational fear of city neighborhoods, with their scary (to many) diversity. Look at the pictures that mos (mostly tongue in cheek, I hope) posted--they actually represent many suburbanites fears about urban life--brutal, crime-ridden, hopeless.

This has become something of a self-fulfilling fantasy in many cases, of course. But Dmitri Orlov is pretty clear that it is much safer to live in dense, close-knit communities where you know all your neighbors and everyone looks out for everyone else, than to live in more isolated environments. He mentions unimaginably brutal, sadistic acts--torture that went on for years--committed on people distant from neighbors that might have noticed that something was up.

Sure you can have a close-knit suburban community, but, especially in the exurbs, the general idea there has been to put as much distance as possible between you and your neighbor.

I heard someone who works on the census on the radio say there is no over-all move away from suburbs yet, in spite certain well publicized examples of suburban exodus. (Sorry, no link.)

Who knows?
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby mos6507 » Thu 21 Aug 2008, 21:53:27

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('dohboi', '
')it is much safer to live in dense, close-knit communities where you know all your neighbors and everyone looks out for everyone else


Where exactly do these neighborhoods exist? I surely didn't experience "community" in my 13 years in Los Angles county. You can say whatever you want about exurbs being cold bedroom communities where nobody even knows the neighbors exist, but it's certainly been that way for me in the city. Rarely did I ever get to know the other tenants and anyone living BEYOND the gate of the apartment complex was a complete mystery. The best I could do was get my daughter signed up as a Brownie and I eventually got to know a few of the families around, all of them living in suburban houses that were much more inviting to guests than my 1BR apartment with a single assigned parking space and rarely any available street parking. Apartment living sucks for families.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby Lore » Thu 21 Aug 2008, 22:52:57

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('mos6507', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('dohboi', '
')it is much safer to live in dense, close-knit communities where you know all your neighbors and everyone looks out for everyone else


Where exactly do these neighborhoods exist? I surely didn't experience "community" in my 13 years in Los Angles county. You can say whatever you want about exurbs being cold bedroom communities where nobody even knows the neighbors exist, but it's certainly been that way for me in the city. Rarely did I ever get to know the other tenants and anyone living BEYOND the gate of the apartment complex was a complete mystery. The best I could do was get my daughter signed up as a Brownie and I eventually got to know a few of the families around, all of them living in suburban houses that were much more inviting to guests than my 1BR apartment with a single assigned parking space and rarely any available street parking. Apartment living sucks for families.


It could have all been much different had we followed the vision of Paolo Soleri and his concept of "Arcology," architecture coherent with ecology.

Link: Paolo Soleri
The things that will destroy America are prosperity-at-any-price, peace-at-any-price, safety-first instead of duty-first, the love of soft living, and the get-rich-quick theory of life.
... Theodore Roosevelt
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby TreebeardsUncle » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 01:09:15

So,

WHEN, pray tell, will there be any decline in the suburban way of life in America? Let's toss asside the idea of an end to the suburbs. The suv-driving, television-entranced, big-box-shopping, credit-enable, etc routine is still coming along strong.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby cube » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 01:41:38

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('mos6507', '.')...Apartment living sucks for families.
I'm guessing this must be more of an American mindset ---> the idea that if you have children you MUST move out to the suburbs and buy that house with a front and back yard.
The rest of the world certainly doesn't have this mindset, although I'm guessing this is purely due to economics rather then any cultural differences.
If somebody waved a magic wand and made gasoline cost 50% while the freeways extended out double the distance from all the cities I'm quite certain even the French would behave just like Americans.
In a PO world the idea of raising a family in a densely populated city (25,000 / sq mi) will become perfectly normal in America.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby cube » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 06:01:55

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('emersonbiggins', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('the48thronin', 'M')aybe you haven't seen the hybrid trucks already being demonstrated, BUT in fact the adaptation I described above clearly said Electric traction using overhead electricity
If you're going to the expense of constructing catenary lines, you might as well go ahead and put a couple of steel rails underneath, to decrease rolling resistance and increase efficiency.

I believe they call these vehicles "trains."
well not exactly...
Light rail (large)
However I agree with you emersonbiggins, I think the trucking industry has received enough of my tax money through subsidies thank you very much.
If the trucking industry wants to pay for these overhead electric lines out of their own pocket hey that's fine with me go knock yourself out guys!
For anybody who reads my posts they may get this "misguided" impression that I'm against 90% of every idea that has been proposed on this website.
Well that's technically NOT true.
What I am against is ---> ideas that require using my tax money to pay for something that didn't have a strong enough economic foundation to stand on its own.
Unfortunately 90% of every fracking idea on this website (and politics IRL) falls into that category.
//
I think people need to understand that it was subsidies that got us into this mess or at least made the situation much worse then it needed to be.
Cheap energy gave us single family homes out in the suburbs (30 miles)
but ultimately it was....
Cheap energy + subsidies that gave us McMansions in the "exurbs" (50 miles) :roll:
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby vtsnowedin » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 07:33:44

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('cube', '[')What I am against is ---> ideas that require using my tax money to pay for something that didn't have a strong enough economic foundation to stand on its own. Unfortunately 90% of every fracking idea on this website (and politics IRL) falls into that category.
I think people need to understand that it was subsidies that got us into this mess or at least made the situation much worse then it needed to be. Cheap energy gave us single family homes out in the suburbs (30 miles)
but ultimately it was....Cheap energy + subsidies that gave us McMansions in the "exurbs" (50 miles) :roll:

Could you tell me which subsidies you are talking about. Especially which ones subsidise the suburbs. The highway system in this country is paid for by the gas tax and local streets are paid for out of property taxes. Thus it is a user pays situation and as good a deal as a tax payer gets. For the most part the bills are paid even though about thirty percent has been ripped off for pork and non highway spending. Much better then the toll roads which were the way highways were being built before Eisinhower. In the last twenty years the system has been under funded and allowed to decline so we have been spending the equtity in the system. In other words we are not keeping up with the rate of rust.
As to Amtrack subsidizing the railroads I dont think we have much bitch there ethier. The subsidies have allowed proper maintenance of major track lines and have kept the systems core in pretty good shape which reduces the cost of moving freight. About thirty percent of U.S. freight moves by rail and each of us uses products shipped by rail even if we never ride Amtrack. If we hadn't subsidised the trains we would be paying just as much if not more in higher prices for heavy long haul goods.
As fuel prices rise the points where its cheaper to ship by train will change and truck hauls will shorten. Freight stations that were abandoned in the 1960s on rail lines will become viable again and will be reopened. People were happy to stop dealing with the railroads as soon as trucking door to door became viable. Like all monopolies they were arrogant as well as over priced. Perhaps this time around someone like UPS will move your goods from door to door and handle all the switches from truck to rail and back again.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby cube » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 09:33:36

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('vtsnowedin', '.').. Could you tell me which subsidies you are talking about. Especially which ones subsidise the suburbs.
The fact is ALL transportation (planes, trains, cars, ships) is subsidized.
Why did society evolve this way I don't know.
To answer your question, it is a fact that freeways made suburbia possible. And the more extensive the freeways, the more pervasive suburbia has become. So if freeways are subsidized then by default that means suburbia has been subsidized.
Freeways are paid through several taxes: gas, property, income, etc...
Regardless of whether you commute 5 miles or 50 miles to work everyday, your (income and property taxes) are not proportionately higher based on how much you use the service. By definition that makes it a subsidy.

For something to be non subsidized it must fulfill several points:
1) The only people who pay for the service are the ones who uses it.
2) The amount you pay in user fees MUST cover the full capital and operational costs to provide the service.
3) The amount you pay is directly proportional to how much you use the service.
How could freeways be made unsubsidized?
Simple, apply a gasoline tax that is sufficiently high enough to pay for the full costs of freeways / roadways. No other taxes will be applied save for maybe a couple toll roads.
Currently the gas tax is about 50 cents a gallon and that only covers a small fraction of the total cost. Suppose (making up a number) $3 per gallon tax is what it would take to cover the full cost of roadways. Add that to current gas prices and that's about $6.50 / gallon.

If freeways were NOT subsidized, How many Americans would be living in suburbia today --> A lot less
I think we would still have "suburbia" but it's size and scope would be significantly reduced. In an un-subsidized world I can imagine suburbanites driving for 25 miles (each way) but certainly not what we have today......50 mile commutes.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby mos6507 » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 09:54:15

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('cube', 't')he idea that if you have children you MUST move out to the suburbs and buy that house with a front and back yard.

I tried to give you a more itemized reason based on my life experience why raising a kid in an apartment sucks but you are just brushing it away on the basis that there has to be something "wrong" with me not to like apartment living.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('cube', 'T')he rest of the world certainly doesn't have this mindset

The rest of the world is a pretty big place with a lot of different cultures, different city styles. Maybe I'd like apartment living in Sweden or Austria because the people there are friendlier or the buildings are less cut off from their surroundings. You can't really make such sweeping generalizations.

The problem with the Kunstler mindset is he feels that city style/aesthetics/archetecture was solely responsible for warping culture, and if we only coerce people back together (peakoil being a good cattle-prod) that everyone will start singing around the campfire.

My point is that people who already live in the city in close quarters are not singing around the campfire, so why would reurbanization be any different?

The changes have to come from within.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('cube', 'I')f somebody waved a magic wand and made gasoline cost 50% while the freeways extended out double the distance from all the cities I'm quite certain even the French would behave just like Americans.

I'm not. I think there are other factors that have contributed to the american mindset that are not as prevalent elsewhere, despite the availability of cheap energy.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('cube', 'I')n a PO world the idea of raising a family in a densely populated city (25,000 / sq mi) will become perfectly normal in America.

In the meantime, I'm evaluating the world as it is today, not the way it should be or the way it may become 10 or more years down the road.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby cube » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 10:27:22

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('mos6507', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('cube', 't')he idea that if you have children you MUST move out to the suburbs and buy that house with a front and back yard.
I tried to give you a more itemized reason based on my life experience why raising a kid in an apartment sucks but you are just brushing it away on the basis that there has to be something "wrong" with me not to like apartment living.
If you thought I was trying to "judge" you.........you misinterpreted my message.
Americans think of cities as either as:
1) Robocop / New Jack city image of super crime ridden and unsafe.
2) Financial district / super expensive $5,000 rent for 500 sq ft studio
Okay so maybe that's a bit exaggerated but that is what J6P thinks of cities.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('mos6507', 'T')he problem with the Kunstler mindset is he feels that city style/aesthetics/archetecture was solely responsible for warping culture, and if we only coerce people back together (peakoil being a good cattle-prod) that everyone will start singing around the campfire.
Kunstler doesn't know sh!t from sherlock.
A person listens to Kunstler for entertainment NOT serious in depth analysis.
I like to think of him as the Jim Cramer of PO.
That's not flattering.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby mos6507 » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 11:27:16

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('cube', 'A')mericans think of cities as either as...

OK, generalizations aside, what do you think of cities in the US as they are today, not what they could be in a utopia, how they are today? How objective is your vision of the city based on the measurable statistics (blight/crime/pollution/educational system, etc)?

For instance, I was living in an area called "Palms" which is adjacent to Culver City but is technically part of Los Angeles. I had to move apartments for my daughter to avoid going into a school in the LA Unified school district. LAUSD is notorious for being one of the worst run school systems in the country. These are not myths. These are facts.

"Fourth and eighth graders at LAUSD schools perform the worst in reading out of 11 of the nation's big-city school districts, according to a national report released on Thursday."

link

"Just 44 percent of Los Angeles Unified students receive a high school diploma, making the 727,000-student district's graduation rate among the lowest of large urban school districts, a national study released Tuesday found."

link

LA presents a lot of problems for parents raising kids because it's so chock full of people who don't speak a lick of english who clog the school systems and drag everything down to a lowest common denominator level. It's so bad that the Mayor has assumed emergency direct control over it.

There are plenty of other problems in other urban areas around the country that can't just be brushed aside as imaginary fears of J6P.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby emersonbiggins » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 11:38:28

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('vtsnowedin', 'C')ould you tell me which subsidies you are talking about. Especially which ones subsidise the suburbs.

You mean the ones besides:
a) the ruling on the constitutionality of segregated single-use (Euclidean) zoning, thus distorting the notion of property rights and the market for land use and real estate prices

b) the advent of government-backed FHA and VA low-interest, long-term mortgages which MOL created the middle-class in America (and continues to distort the free market for mortgage financing globally, as in "there is no market"), and initially were only offered on new, single-family detached homes located on the suburban fringe of cities nationwide.

c) the IRS deduction for mortgage interest and property taxes, which increases with house size and/or valuation, amounting to a $80 billion direct subsidy per annum

d) the onerous requirements of onsite parking for almost any new development, anywhere, which encourages the profligate use of the automobile

e) the bond and tax-financing schemes that are assessed on an entire municipality, mainly funding road, school, hospital, fire & police protection, utility and other infrastructure expansion efforts at the fringe of the city in exurban areas, thus having no benefit for current and existing residents in fully developed areas.

f) the liberal use of eminent domain in razing existing neighborhoods to make way for urban interstate highways, thus decreasing the quality of life for those in cities, while making a much more convenient commute for those in the outer suburban areas to the city core

g) the hypothecated structure of the fuel excise [gas] tax, which assigns the tax to a trust fund dedicated (in theory) to the maintenance and expansion of the activity being taxed, not unlike, absurdly, assigning the sales tax assessed on shoes, boots and skateboards to be used solely for sidewalk construction, or taxes on light bulbs being used for power line construction.

h), i), j), k)...

You mean like those? Good read here: Terrain.org
"It's called the American Dream because you'd have to be asleep to believe it."

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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby MarkJ » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 12:26:25

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('dohboi', 'A')s an urban dweller, it seems to me that a major part of the "appeal" of suburbs has actually been a largely irrational fear of city neighborhoods, with their scary (to many) diversity. Look at the pictures that mos (mostly tongue in cheek, I hope) posted--they actually represent many suburbanites fears about urban life--brutal, crime-ridden, hopeless.


The local appeal of the villages, suburbs and rural areas are excellent school systems, (Real Important )large lots or acreage, privacy, buffer between neighbors, plenty of parking, large modern efficient homes, new construction homes, finished basements, large garages, large decks, pools, gardens, workshops, barns, storage buildings, room for future expansion, low traffic, low noise, low pollution, fresh air, sounds of nature, views of wooded land/fields/valleys/mountains/rivers/lakes, four seasons outdoor recreation, (swimming, boating, fishing, hunting, camping, hiking, skiing, snowmobiling) close proximity to work, shopping entertainment etc.

Lower crime is just the icing on the cake. Major Crime is almost nonexistent in some of these areas. People often leave their doors unlocked and leave their keys in their vehicles, boats and other toys. We've serviced thousands of homes that are often left unlocked, or left unlocked for the serviceman. Lower crime is just the icing on the cake.

In many cities I have to lock, bolt, chain and/or board, bar and reinforce the doors and windows on my basements, attic entrances, garages and storage buildings or my tools, equipment, hardware and supplies will be stolen or vandalized.


$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('mos6507', 'W')here exactly do these neighborhoods exist? I surely didn't experience "community" in my 13 years in Los Angles county. You can say whatever you want about exurbs being cold bedroom communities where nobody even knows the neighbors exist, but it's certainly been that way for me in the city. Rarely did I ever get to know the other tenants and anyone living BEYOND the gate of the apartment complex was a complete mystery. The best I could do was get my daughter signed up as a Brownie and I eventually got to know a few of the families around, all of them living in suburban houses that were much more inviting to guests than my 1BR apartment with a single assigned parking space and rarely any available street parking. Apartment living sucks for families.


Myself, family, friends and most of our customers wouldn't raise our families in any of my city apartment buildings although they're more modern, more efficient, larger, nicer and in better locations than the majority of the units in the area. My city tenants are mostly singles, singles sharing an apartment, couples without kids, couples with one younger child and seniors waiting for room in one of the senior housing developments. Many city tenants are transitional tenants shopping for and/or building homes outside the cities.

From a landlord's perspective, *some* city tenants with kids can be a pain in the a$$. Kids are constantly breaking stuff, tripping falling, running up & down stairs, running across floors, jumping up and down, slamming doors, skateboarding in the parking lots, playing baseball in the parking lots, playing loud music, yelling... too much to list. One of my apartment buildings was burned to the ground by a kid playing with matches in his bedroom. One of my greatest sources of tenant complaints are from city tenants complaining about noise from other tenants with kids, or kids playing, skating, skateboarding, biking or trowing baseballs, footballs, frisbees etc near their vehicles. Older kids are also murder on my water bills, space heating/water heating bills, plus wear and tear items. IMO, kids need room to play. We still smash windows and dent cars even though many of us live on acreage.

One of the biggest issues is that many city apartments don't have off-street parking, or limited off-street parking. It can be a real pain in the a$$ doing the odd/even parking thing, paying fines during the overnight winter parking bans, or paying tow charges and impound fees when they tow vehicles for multiple winter parking violations, or parking on the streets during snow emergencies.

Since many city residents work outside the cities and have multiple wage earners per household, they want adequate parking for multiple vehicles. Many of my city tenants moved from other city apartment buildings since they had zero off-street parking, or limited off-street parking (shared driveways, one parking space per unit).

The parking situation and smaller city apartments makes it rough for many city residents when they have guests since their guests need a place to park.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby vtsnowedin » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 12:44:09

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('emersonbiggins', 'Y')ou mean the ones besides:
a) the ruling on the constitutionality of segregated single-use (Euclidean) zoning, thus distorting the notion of property rights and the market for land use and real estate prices. -snip- Good read here: Terrain.org

:-) Interesting list.
a. is a ruling and involves no money so that cant be considerd a subsidy.
b. The middle class in America wanted to own its own home so government responded to the peoples desires. And now that initially discriminatory policy is over the good or evil of these programs are spread evenly over inner city ,suburban and rural housing.
c.The tax deduction for morgage interest is a subsidy but is to and for the bankers. You still have to pay the interest and without it the market rates for loans would be that much lower.
d.You have the cart before the horse here. People loving and insisting on using cars the government had to insist on off street parking to keep the streets from being hopelessly clogged with parked cars.
e.This is a good point and I know of valid examples of it but these things are voted on locally so voters must see some personal benifit in most cases. Also a municiple bond issue would not extend to expences in a suburb beyond the city limits so the effect you aledge of the city dweller paying the bills of the sububanite just isnt there.
f.Eminent domain was used to build both the rail system and the interstate system but to say that its use was liberal is to streach the facts. Any point to point facility becomes hostage to Grandma that wont sell the farm or shister insiders buying up land to make a buck. Of course if its your land they want it seems pretty liberal. The money spent on the big dig in Boston to avoid "Taking a single house" is proof of the folly or not using eminent domain in a carefully considered way.
g.Your way off base here. The more you drive the more gas you use and the more money there is to build and maintain the roads.Instead of income tax subsidising the roads as some have put forth above the highway fund is regularly being raided to pay for such things as bicycle paths, wetland preserves, court administration, state police budgets, environmental research ,side walks and flower beds.

Your first point about the zoning is of interest. Post peak suburbanites may want to repeal or drastically restructure their zoneing rules to allow some of the mcmansions to be converted to office space, stores and workshops so that the residents in the other houses on the cul-de-sac can walk to work.
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Re: The true end of suburbia begins

Postby cube » Fri 22 Aug 2008, 13:31:27

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('mos6507', 'O')K, generalizations aside, what do you think of cities in the US as they are today, not what they could be in a utopia, how they are today?
Unfortunately cities in America do fit the two themes I just mentioned.
"Generalizations" are sometimes true.
However I do NOT think there is some inherent rule that says this must be the case. We only need to look at cities in other countries. Like what you said before, "you just might like apartment living in Sweden or Austria."

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('mos6507', 'H')ow objective is your vision of the city based on the measurable statistics (blight/crime/pollution/educational system, etc)?

For instance, I was living in an area called "Palms" which is adjacent to Culver City but is technically part of Los Angeles. I had to move apartments for my daughter to avoid going into a school in the LA Unified school district. LAUSD is notorious for being one of the worst run school systems in the country. These are not myths. These are facts.
I certainly do not doubt these statistics.
But I'm not sure what you're getting at?
Are you trying to say a high density living arrangement inherently means the schools and student will be under-performing?
I can counter that claim pretty easy by pointing out the city of Boston. It's more densely populated then LA but it has some of the most (if not THE most) prestigious schools in the USA.

The reason why so many cities in the USA is messed up, is because of "white flight". Any place (city or suburb) would quickly become a ghetto if the middle class packed up their bags and left.
//
There's also the issue of ethnicity and it's relationship to education statistics. *cough*
I'm a big fan of statistics even if the results are not politically correct.
Face it folks there hasn't been too many "Albert Einsteins" that came from of south of the border.
That's a fact.
Maybe that's why LA sucks so bad. :roll:
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Intermediate Crude
Intermediate Crude
 
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