by MrBill » Mon 05 Nov 2007, 06:18:28
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('seahorse2', 'M')r. Bill,
Much of what you are saying sounds like what McKillop is saying. However, I understand very little about these issues except that what he was saying way back when was contrary to what most people were saying, thus I remembered it, and, with the world economies "withstanding" higher energy and commodity prices, maybe he was onto something. So, I hope if you do read it you will post to let us know what you think. In his conclusion, you will find he says that economic growth should be able to continue even with oil as high as $75-$100 pb.
Energy Bulletin[/quote]
I did not get to it this weekend, but I will. Thanks.
I have had to think about this carefully in response to many comments on peak oil dot com. And I think I have some conclusions.
First of all you can think about the price of oil in one of three ways. One is the cost of production. Say $30 per barrel at the moment.
Another is EROEI which is very popular on this site. Say 10:1. As it approaches 1:1 we say it is no longer economically useful to use petroleum to look for oil. Even below 2:1 it may not be worth the uncertainty?
The third way is I believe the correct way. Not that we can ignore the others either. But what economic impact is generated by a barrel of oil
in our current energy mix?
Substitution aside as the economics will change over time as the cost to find petroleum increases and as the EROEI decreases what economic impact does petroluem have in our current energy mix?
Roughly, and I mean very roughly, we can think of 86 mbpd with an average price of $69 (average price for 2007) or $6 billion per day. That is approximately $2.166 trillion per year. If we think of the price of crude as roughly one half the cost of refined products that is about $4.332 trillion per year of petroleum products in our current energy mix. That compares to an approximate world GDP of $66 trillion at market prices as measured in current US dollars.
Source:
World GDP
All numbers are rounded for simplicity. I defend those numbers as approximations as there are many on peak oil dot com that would argue that if you removed petroleum from our energy mix that many other forms of stationary energy would not be worth as much without the transport fuel component (more on that later).
So $66 trillion divided by $4.332 yields approximately 15 times economic output for each barrel of input at $69. Again in our current energy mix of other renewable and non-renewable fuels as well.
I am not suggesting oil can climb from $69 x 15 = $1035 per barrel. That is not the point of the calculation. But I am saying this economic benefit does explain why $69 per barrel or even $99 oil has not yet thrown the world economy into recession, yet.
One reason, as I have mentioned before, is that high prices, as opposed to scarcity, are a wealth transfer from consumers to producers, so that wealth is not destroyed, but redistributed.
As for our current energy mix there is no denying petroluem's importance. The standard argument being that we will run out of petroleum first, then natural gas, and, finally, even our coal as one supply is exhausted and therefore demand has to switch to the next best alternative, however, imperfect. That is, of course, true.
However, when some people argue that all other alternative sources of energy are either uneconomical or not scalable or both they are usually comparing non-likes. For instance the cost versus the benefit of petroluem 'today' versus its alternatives. That ignores several importantant distinctions.
Firstly, oil is currently worth $69 in our current energy mix. If worldwide supply meets global demand at 86 mbpd at $69 today with, say, natural gas at $9 per mmBtu. Then if you remove, say, 43 mbpd worth of supply not only will the price of crude soar higher than $69 or $99, but so will the price of natural gas increase to, say, $18 as well. These relationships are not linear, but more likely compounded. Hence as you remove one form of energy from your energy basket all other forms become relatively more valuable.
That is how for example you might have nominal economic growth even though your energy pie is shrinking. As the other energy components in your basket become correspondingly more expensive. Growth occurs in nominal terms where it is still being produced as other prices like labor fall relatively in comparison.
Hydro, geothermal, nuclear, bio-fuels, solar, wind, tidal, etc. have one set of what is considered economical when crude is $69 and natural gas is $9 and quite another when those price double. And once petroluem is taken out of the energy mix then they have another set of relative economics with one another. The only substitute to energy, as in alternative fuels, is, of course, muscle power that either comes from draught or manpower.
So wave technology may indeed be twice as expensive as wind power, and four times more expensive as easy to turn on natural gas, but guess what, once crude and natural gas are removed from your energy mix then wave may look very attractive economically if you do not have reliable wind and/or the alternative is beasts of burden or muscle power.
Your total energy mix may have decreased, especially your liquid transport portion, unless we improve the economics and the efficiency of bio-fuels, but the alternatives become increasingly more valuable in your remaining energy mix.
As per the law of diminishing returns we know that the base load to run essential services or perform very energy intensive tasks is more valuable than, say, marginal demand in the form of recreational vehicles or driving/flying for pleasure. I do not have the numbers to hand, but off the top of my head in inflation adjusted terms oil was roughly $90 per barrel at the turn of the last century when the first internal combustion engines were already replacing the horse and buggy. By the time the humble Model T came along it was clear which technology was more efficient, faster and more reliable. And that in turn made more agricultural land available for feed production for human consumption rather than draught power. A circa 25% increase.
When we say that alternatives only make up 2-5% of our current energy mix that is because today they are not economically competitive with petroluem at $69 to $99 or with natural gas at $9 per mmBtu. But as you remove petroleum or natural gas from your energy mix, by default those remaining fuels represent a larger percentage. And that is even before you start down the road to improvements in technology that should improve their economics even further.
I am pretty confident that a 40 hp tractor running on bio-diesel will do the job of a team of horses or a work gang of men more quickly and efficiently, so I would not expect a wholesale return to the agricultural methods of the 18th century. Food production in past 50-years has been driven by economics, or profit considerations, and not by production decisions, or growing the most amount of food, where imports were cheaper than substituting more labor and capital. Those economics will also by necessity change. As energy becomes more expensive, labor becomes cheaper, and therefore agriculture can become more intensive again.
In reality I would expect both energy and food to become much more expensive relative to the cost of labor than it is today as we lose access to our cheap and abundant sources of liquid transport fuels and handy to use natural gas. However, that will make other stationary sources of energy that much more valuable in relative terms.
Hydro, geothermal, nuclear, bio-fuels, solar, wind, tidal, etc. may never replace our existing energy mix, including petroleum, but they will be economically invaluable if you happen to be sitting close to them and are able to produce essential goods cheaper than others living farther away can produce and deliver them by hand or foot. Reliable energy, located near waterways and ports or at a railhead is where production and distribution will be centered. Workers will relocate to where the work is. Period.
In summary, you can look at the price of energy as either its cost of production; its EROEI; or the economic benefit that an input produces in your energy mix.
As you remove one energy input from your energy mix, total energy may decrease, but the value and the relative importance of the remaining alternative energy inputs increases.
The remaining units of energy become more valuable as marginal uses of energy are priced out in favor of essential goods or uses such as heat in winter. This means one cannot ever say that a source of energy is uneconomical unless, of course, draught or manpower can accomplish the same tasks with less bio-inputs. That may be the case, but we are a long way from there even with our present natural constraints and current, as of yet not fully exploited, technology.
Post peak oil natural resource depletion will mean lower living standards. If my comments sound too positive then that was not my intention. Thanks.
The organized state is a wonderful invention whereby everyone can live at someone else's expense.