by GreyGhost » Sun 10 Dec 2006, 18:13:09
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Permanently_Baffled', 'S')omebody help here - I can follow most things - but derivatives confuse me.
Can anyone give me a quick explanation of what derivatives are please?
Laymen terms would be nice please

A derivative is something you can buy, and it has a price at any give time (like a stock), but unlike a stock, a derivative is a contract that is "derived from" something else, such as a stock.
Suppose you have $1000, and you would like it to be more. You've heard good things about a company called Super-Hyperdyne-Inter-Technologies.com. The usual approach is to buy 100 shares of that company at $10 per share. Then it might go up 10% over the next three months, and that is exactly what would happen to your investment. You end up with $1100, which is a return of %10 over three months. Nice, but nothing major.
Suppose you're feeling more adventurous, and you buy a derivative. One example is an Option - you may have heard of companies giving out stock options. In this case the word option means exactly what it sounds: you have the option to buy the stock, but not the obligation. Think of it as like a downpayment, or as like "half-owning" the stock.
A specific option might be a piece of paper that says: you have the option, but not the obligation, to buy a share of the company in three months time for $8. Sounds like a good thing to have, since it is now at $10. When the time comes, you can buy them for $8 and sell them for immediately for $10, making a profit of $2 per share, or even more if the stock has gone up like you are hoping.
An investment bank might sell this option to you, for $2 per option, which is much less than the price of a share. Great, because then you can buy 500 units of the option, instead of only 100 units of the stock - that's better leverage. You don't need to keep any money aside to actually ever buy the stock, because as we shall see it never really happens. The company never sees you as a stockholder, in fact they have nothing to do with the whole thing.
The $2 price of the option eats into your expected profits, but you still want to buy them because you think the stock is going up. If in three months time, the stock goes up 10%, to $11, then you can buy them for 8 and sell for 11, making $3 per share, or total $1500. That's a 50% return on your investment, much better than the 10% you would have made just owning the stock.
Sounds wonderful, right? Too good to be true? Well it is. Because it's only wonderful if the stock goes up. Suppose instead it drops to $7 in three months. Then when you time comes, you could buy for $8 and sell at $7, but that would be making a loss, so of course you will not do that, you will choose not to exercise the option. The options expire worthless (like options often do), and your initial investment of $1000 has evaporated, and it's time for you to go back to being a wage slave.
That's the crux of derivatives: they have a different risk profile to buying an equity: when things go well, they go very well. When things go bad, the whole thing unwinds MUCH faster than if you are holding the stock.
There are many other examples of derivatives, the above CALL OPTION is just one of the simplest. You can also buy the opposite, a PUT OPTION, which is the option to sell for a particular price. If you hold a put option, then you hope the underlying stock price goes down, to make it cheaper for you to buy when the option reaches maturity.
More advanced instruments have all kinds of different risk profiles, and they are getting more complex every day. They are sold for all kinds of reasons.
Sometimes it feels like it is turning the stock market into a big casino, where the house (investment banks) always win.