Debt; Thermodynamics; Supply and Demand; Value
There are roughly two ways to go about scientific explanations. The first is to derive first principles and then predict the future. Weather forecasts are like that. Chemistry is like that. And so forth. The second method is to observe a situation and try to figure out some rational explanation for it. Let’s try to apply that second method, very briefly and very roughly.
What we see when we look around the world is:
*Continued implementation on a massive scale of the information and communications technologies which were invented during the 20th century.
*Continued evolution in materials science.
*Very slow, or non-existent, growth in the OECD countries.
*Increasing debt levels almost world-wide
*Stagnant or falling wages for the bottom 90 percent in the OECD countries
*Insane accumulations of wealth by a handful of people
*Political instability everywhere
*Carbon dioxide in the air marches upward relentlessly
*Oil companies are now at zero return on capital. (Footnote 1)
*Private automobiles are thermodynamically very inefficient, leaving no surplus energy (Footnote 2). Private automobiles may be an energy sink with no net work done, as well as the source of CO2 pollution.
There seem to me to be four broad ways to approach explaining the situation. First, some people will be drawn to Econ 101 explanations….just be patient, supply and demand takes care of all problems. A variant of supply and demand is the Constructal Law of Adrian Bejan…whatever flows evolves in the direction of easier flow. Second, some people will be drawn to political explanations….it’s all because of Russian hacking or male dominance or systemic racism. The third line of thinking is denial…CO2 will just free up the Arctic for navigation and finding more oil…the Shale Revolution is on the verge of giving us decades or even a century more oil…smart phones can fix everything.
The fourth line of thinking is thermodynamic depletion of primary energy sources coupled with lack of suitable alternatives. For the last few decades, the dominant narrative has been that CO2 is something for our children or grandchildren to worry about, that technology will produce more oil and gas at reasonable prices, and that energy is not all that important in terms of enabling work that other people are actually willing to pay for…the information technology revolution, we will all just sit at desks manipulating dots on screens. I don’t know of anyone who has put together a useful model of an economy which is reliant on both primary energy and also information. Howard Odum, two decades ago, thought that information was just a form of energy, and so his college professors were extraordinarily expensive in terms of energy. I am not aware of anyone who has really delved into this in more recent times. Carey King, at the U of Texas, has derived a ratio of output to energy input of 17 to 1 for advanced economies. Does that work in reverse also...the reduction of one unit of energy costs 17 times as much for the general economy? Conservative think tanks point out that the revenue per employee of oil companies is extraordinarily high, while revenue per employee of solar PV companies is very low…other things being equal, the value being created by the solar workers is a lot less than the oil company workers. Of course, we should always be skeptical of anything put out by agenda-driven think tanks, but I agree that we really don’t have a very good understanding of just how energy and information work together to create value.
So if value creation is not humming right along (as we see from the environmental scan), then perhaps something is wrong with the thermodynamics of our primary energy sources? It would be hard to argue that lagging information and communications technology is the culprit.
Don Stewart
Footnote 1: See Art Berman slide deck at
http://www.artberman.com/macrovoices-ar ... l-special/The return on capital chart is near the end of the deck.
Footnote 2: From Drawdown, edited by Paul Hawken, page 149. ‘Only 21 percent of a petrol car’s energy consumption propels it forward, on average. Of the resulting force, 95 percent powers the car, not the driver. In essence, 99 percent of the energy used in a car is waste. It moves three thousand pounds of steel, glass, copper, and plastic in order to move a 150 pound human being.’ I will add that Hawken’s numbers are from the pump. The primary energy consumed in producing the petroleum products is not reflected in his numbers. As compared to the potential energy present in a crude oil reservoir, the amount of work being done directly on the humans is miniscule.