by Ludi » Tue 24 Nov 2009, 09:57:00
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')Tribalism is defined as the exaltation of one’s group over other groups, strong in group loyalty.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/TRIBALISMThe anthropological meaning of "tribe" is different from the dictionary definition.
Some authors, such as Daniel Quinn, use the word "tribe" in a way interchangeable with the word "band."
"Band: The characteristic form of social organization found among foragers; a small group of people, usually with less than 50 members. Labour is divided according to age and sex, and social relations are highly egalitarian."
http://www.oupcanada.com/documents/File ... er%203.doc.
More about bands:
http://tobyspeople.com/anthropik/2005/0 ... index.htmlTribe: "Historically, tribal societies consisted only of a relatively small, local population. The internal social structure of a tribe can vary greatly from case to case, but is often a relatively simple structure,
with few (if any) significant social distinctions between individuals. "
Band: "A band society is the simplest form of human society. A band generally consists of a small kinship group, no larger than an extended family or small clan. Bands have very informal leadership; the older members of the band generally are looked to for guidance and advice, but there are no written laws and no law enforcement seen typically in more complex societies. Bands' customs are almost always transmitted orally. Formal social institutions are few or non-existent. Religion is generally based on family tradition, individual experience, or counsel from a shaman. Bands are distinguished from tribes in that tribes are generally larger, consisting of many families. Tribes have more social institutions and clearly defined leadership such as a "chief," or "elder." Tribes are also more permanent than bands; a band can cease to exist if only a small group walks out. Many tribes are in fact sub-divided into bands; in the United States, some tribes are made up of official bands that live in specific locations."
Chiefdom: "A chiefdom is any community led by an individual known as a chief. In anthropological theory, one model of human social development rooted in ideas of cultural evolution describes a chiefdom as a form of social organization more complex than a tribe, and less complex than a state or a civilization. The most succinct (but still working) definition of a chiefdom in anthropology belongs to Robert Carneiro: "An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief" [4] Chiefdoms have been shown by anthropologists and archaeologists to be a relatively unstable form of social organization. They are prone to cycles of collapse and renewal, in which tribal units band together, expand in power, fragment through some form of social stress, and band together again.
An example of this kind of social organization would be the Germanic Peoples who conquered the western Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E. Although commonly referred to as tribes, the Germanic Peoples were by anthropological definition not tribes, but chiefdoms. They had a complex social hierarchy consisting of kings, a warrior aristocracy, common freemen, serfs and slaves."
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/TribeMany people confuse the word "tribe" with what is actually a "chiefdom." The tribes of Afghanistan, for instance, and probably most gangs such as the mafia, are chiefdoms.
It would be helpful if we could have a common set of meanings for these words if we're going to discuss these forms of social organization, otherwise we're not communicating clearly.