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PeakOil is You

PeakOil is You

Has Sci-Fi created a mindset of unending progression?

What's on your mind?
General interest discussions, not necessarily related to depletion.

Unread postby johnmarkos » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 13:09:46

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('JohnDenver', '
')I don't understand this part. You seem to be saying that, even in the absence of resource limitations, there is some fundamental limitation inherent within science/technology itself. Just as an imaginative exercise, what happens when science grinds to a halt? How would people doing work in science at the time perceive the "barrier"?


They will find themselves seized by an uncontrollable impulse to loaf off and quit with the science already. Instead, they will want to go home and take naps. If they resist this impulse, their hands will fail to move and their neurons will cease firing.

It's sort of like Lucretius's imaginary space traveler, who, when he gets to the edge of the universe and attempts to throw a spear, has a failure of nerve and goes home.
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Unread postby nero » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 13:44:49

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('JohnDenver', 'I') don't understand this part. You seem to be saying that, even in the absence of resource limitations, there is some fundamental limitation inherent within science/technology itself. Just as an imaginative exercise, what happens when science grinds to a halt? How would people doing work in science at the time perceive the "barrier"?


I was suggesting that the economics will step in and halt the scientific inquiry. The "Barrier" would be the inability to extract further dollars from people to fund the research they really want to do. This is a very common phenomena since most all scientists have to compromise their plans to fit their budget. At some point, however, some experiments will be deemed too expensive and trivial to be performed by anyone. The recent decision by the Bush administration to cut funding for the Voyager deep space project might be an example of the Barrier creeping up.

If I was to speculate on what it would feel like to be a scientist in that future age of discovery when science has hit the "Barrier", I would say that there would be a profound respect for long established theories. Most scientists would devote their time looking for and filling in the gaps which may have been missed in the past. Some iconoclasts may continue to believe they can improve on the established theories but would be frustrated by the inability to get anyone interested enough to fund their research. There might then be a crystalization of knowledge and a turning away from the scientific method. The aliens in David Brin's Startide series had this attitude towards science.
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Unread postby johnmarkos » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 13:58:00

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('nero', '
')I was suggesting that the economics will step in and halt the scientific inquiry. The "Barrier" would be the inability to extract further dollars from people to fund the research they really want to do. This is a very common phenomena since most all scientists have to compromise their plans to fit their budget. At some point, however, some experiments will be deemed too expensive and trivial to be performed by anyone. The recent decision by the Bush administration to cut funding for the Voyager deep space project might be an example of the Barrier creeping up.


Does new science have to be expensive? It was only a hundred years ago that Einstein wrote papers in his spare time while working at the Swiss patent office. We know where that lead.
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Unread postby nero » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 14:18:14

Not all "new science" right now is expensive (some is) but there is a general trend towards science becoming more expensive. Your amateur scientist who performs useful science like Galileo or Newton is a rarity nowadays. I am certainly extrapolating the diminishing returns trend well out into the future when I speculate about encountering a barrier but does anyone argue that we are not encountering diminishing returns on our scientific investments?
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Unread postby PenultimateManStanding » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 21:22:20

The trend towards greater expense in 'big science' isn't the only factor at play, which is what I was alluding to. This is from Acquiring Genomes by Lynn Margulis, a book detailing the notion that evolutionary change is not a matter of gradualism due to natural selection of random mutations but rather the end result of greater levels of symbiosis of organisms progressing from behavioral to metabolic and finally to genetic symbiosis. After noting how much research never gets out due to fragmentation in the scientific community she goes on to say: $this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'S')ince the 1980's many biological science departments have splintered further into molecular versus organisimal biology, a move that further exacerbates misunderstanding. The relevant information on species origins is scattered across more than a dozen fields, each with its own esoteric language or languages. . . biochemistry, cell biology, invertebrate zoology, metabolism, molecular evolution, microbial ecology, nutrition, paleontology, protistology, sedimentary geology, and virology are all relevant to deciphering the origins of species. Most of these fields, black boxes to the public as well as graduate students remain mysterious even to many scientists who practice evolutionary biology today.
This is a situation that can only lead to confusion and ultimately collapse of the current practice of science. If we are able to deal with the oil depletion issue and continue then science is going to have to change. I would guess that new fields of synthesis will open up where the accumulated knowledge is brought together. All the accumulated knowledge is going to have to be sifted and integrated somehow. All these specialized fields that don't communicate with each other but rather splinter into ever greater degrees of specialization is a recipe for disaster.
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Unread postby jato » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 21:38:57

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'D')oes new science have to be expensive? It was only a hundred years ago that Einstein wrote papers in his spare time while working at the Swiss patent office. We know where that lead.


How much did it cost to implement Einstein's science? How much money, energy and time have been spent on all of the world's nuclear programs?

IIRC, Einstein's work had a role to play in the develpoment of nuclear weapons circa WW2.
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Unread postby JohnDenver » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 21:43:18

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('nero', 'N')ot all "new science" right now is expensive (some is) but there is a general trend towards science becoming more expensive.


On the face of it, that sounds reasonable, but how do you quantify it? It's a little like saying: "there is a general trend towards people becoming more rude these days". A couple of anecdotes isn't really sufficient to establish the point you're trying to prove.

What you are trying to say seems to be something like: "There is an inherent principle governing science which makes subsequent steps more expensive than previous steps." I don't see any reason why that should be true of science in general. It certainly isn't true of mathematical physics of the sort Stephen Hawking is involved in. In real terms, each subsequent unit costs the same as the previous unit -- i.e. the only cost is supporting the person involved in the research.

I think, at best, you are making a point about a very limited subset of science which is expensive due to its subject matter.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I') am certainly extrapolating the diminishing returns trend well out into the future when I speculate about encountering a barrier but does anyone argue that we are not encountering diminishing returns on our scientific investments?


Yes, I would argue that. In the context of science, how do you measure "return"? Big colliders and deep space probes are built to answer questions which have no immediate practical application. Does this mean they have no return? Scientifically, they certainly have a return: more information. It seems a little strange to bemoan the lack of return from projects which were designed without any aim to yield a return.

For contrast, consider investment in research to cure a disease like cancer, polio or AIDS. Is each subsequent investment more expensive than the previous investment? Do successive units of investment yield less and less return? It doesn't seem that way. It seems, rather, that successive units of investment yield no return whatsoever for long periods, and then one day BING! you get a big return.

I don't believe the Law of Diminishing Returns is a physical law. It makes sense to say that adding additional units of labor to the cultivation of a finite plot will yield diminishing returns. But the study of disease (for example) is not confined by a finite plot. An animal model can be replicated at research sites all over the world, and there is no reason to believe that adding additional units of labor to the problem will lead to diminishing returns.

Why do you believe that the Law of Diminishing Returns applies to science? Can you explain the rationale in an easy to understand way (i.e. similar to how the law is generally explained relating to inputs of an agricultural plot or factory)? For example:

"The usual argument in favor of diminishing marginal physical returns is in terms of crowding: if you put too many seeds (or too much fertilizer) in the ground, eventually each additional increment pays off less than previous ones."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns
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Unread postby PenultimateManStanding » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 21:55:13

The Law of Diminishing Returns in science would perhaps be connected to this notion in Diamond's book about collapsing Civilizations buckling under the increased weight of complexity which eventually yields no further benefit. I know you are temperamental disinclined to accept such ideas, John, but it was there is Margulis's quote.
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Unread postby JohnDenver » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 22:10:48

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('PenultimateManStanding', 'T')he Law of Diminishing Returns in science would perhaps be connected to this notion in Diamond's book about collapsing Civilizations buckling under the increased weight of complexity which eventually yields no further benefit.


Why doesn't cancer research buckle under the increased weight of complexity which eventually yields no further benefit?
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Unread postby PenultimateManStanding » Tue 12 Apr 2005, 22:38:30

They're still plugging away at the research and I guess it isn't buckling yet. But the end result of all this specialization where nobody knows what anyone else is doing in all the other fields is not good for the long run. 'More and more knowledge about less and less' for each new specialized field. I don't see any reason why this problem can't be addressed with a new synthetic approach, though. That's the optimist in me that wants to agree with your outlook. It is a problem. Einstein was working in the days before 'big science' and Hawking is not doing anything but working out the implications of Einstein's differential equations of General Relativity.
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Unread postby sjn » Wed 13 Apr 2005, 06:37:46

The trouble is; specialisation is necessary because humans can not (any longer) integrate the whole of science. The human mind has limits on how much data it can work with. In order to obtain benefit from merging all sub-fields back into a cohesive model would take something like an AI or mind-to-machine technology; things that are very sci-fi at the moment.

I think the best we can do at the moment is to try to have scientists from different (sub-)fields talk to each other and constructively collaborate on research.
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Unread postby PenultimateManStanding » Wed 13 Apr 2005, 12:01:37

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('sjn', '
')I think the best we can do at the moment is to try to have scientists from different (sub-)fields talk to each other and constructively collaborate on research.
The trouble is that this may prove to be impossible. We have set out to unravel Nature's secrets. The deeper we go in any one direction reveals vistas of unexplored reality requiring new modes of thought and specialized language, techniques of investigation and estrangement from other people doing the very same thing in some other direction. No, the whole things is doomed, I suppose, to 'buckle under the weight of complexity.'
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Unread postby sjn » Wed 13 Apr 2005, 20:16:45

I did say "try". I'm certainly not optimistic about how things are going to develop! :(
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Unread postby nero » Fri 15 Apr 2005, 00:45:08

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('JohnDenver', 'Y')es, I would argue that. In the context of science, how do you measure "return"? Big colliders and deep space probes are built to answer questions which have no immediate practical application. Does this mean they have no return? Scientifically, they certainly have a return: more information. It seems a little strange to bemoan the lack of return from projects which were designed without any aim to yield a return.


I do think you are allowed to specify "the discovery" as the return that you receive on your scientific investment. I was not implying that the returns which were diminising were monetary.


$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'W')hy do you believe that the Law of Diminishing Returns applies to science? Can you explain the rationale in an easy to understand way (i.e. similar to how the law is generally explained relating to inputs of an agricultural plot or factory)? For example:

"The usual argument in favor of diminishing marginal physical returns is in terms of crowding: if you put too many seeds (or too much fertilizer) in the ground, eventually each additional increment pays off less than previous ones."


Thinking about your plot of land; say it wasn't uniformly fertile. Some places are rocky some places are swampy and some places are nice fertile ground. The first place were the farmer would place his seeds is on the fertile well drained area. The farmer then has the option to add another unit of labour. He can either plant on the rocky ground or start draining the swampy area. Neither activity is going to provide as large a return( counted as grain at harvest) as the initial unit of labour hence he will encounter diminishing returns as he puts more and more of the plot under the plow.

The point is that we go after the low hanging ripe fruit first. There is not an infinite supply of equally attractive scientific problems to attack. For instance in the human genome there are many areas of "junk" DNA that could be investigated. Why didn't we investigate what this "junk" DNA is before we went and investigated the protein encoding sequences? Because we thought one question was more significant than the other.

You seem to be saying that if we just put twice as many people on a problem we will solve it twice as quickly or discover twice as much. Some limited number of problems do work this way. Sequencing the human genome for example. But more often problems are not of this type and usually one bottleneck is rate limiting. An extra body may help but will not divide the time required in half. "Eureka!" problems are of this type. Adding another person thinking about the same problem does not mean the problem is solved in half the time.

Now it is true that as we progress different things become attractive fields of study. And it might be legitimate to say that we will never run out of questions but the significance of the questions (I believe) is decreasing and the difficulty of the solutions is increasing. Compare the discovery of gravity, the discovery of special relativity and the discovery of blackhole radiation. Which is the most significant discovery to humanity? Which was the easiest to crack?
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Unread postby Doly » Fri 15 Apr 2005, 10:37:07

I would agree with the above post, if it wasn't for one thing: computers. Computers make possible to attack by brute force problems that were impossible to attack before. And I think we are still far from having made an attack by brute force on all the things that are worth trying.
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