Although not a "late-breaking news" article, it's worth reading and sharing with others....
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http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/apps ... 04/-1/AUTO
THE COST OF CARS
Driving is more expensive than most realize
Published: Sunday, June 26, 2005
Tim Johnson, Free Press Staff Writer
PART 3 OF A 4-PART SERIES
Free parking can cost more than you might think. Suppose you want to buy a pair of shoes at University Mall, which offers more than 3,100 spaces where you can park your car without feeding a meter or paying a parking fee.
Somebody pays for you to park there, though. So-called free parking -- provided by suburban shopping centers and employers -- is one of the big, hidden subsidies of car use in Vermont and across the country. It's hidden because it's a cost associated with cars that escapes most people's notice.
Cars impose other costs that drivers don't pay directly. What about the costs of building, maintaining and policing all the roads and highways that accommodate all the cars and trucks? Drivers don't pay the full share of those costs.
And what about the costs that cars impose on the environment -- such as toxic air pollution, or oily stormwater runoff, or greenhouse gas emissions? Drivers don't pay directly for those costs.
Most drivers are well aware of the direct costs of owning a car -- insurance, maintenance, loan payments, and of course, gasoline -- which seem high enough these days. But they're not so aware of the expenses they impose. Driving a car or truck costs more than they realize.
Why does this matter? Because people drive more than they would if they knew what it was really costing, resulting in more time-wasting congestion, more dependence on foreign oil, and a more car-dependent lifestyle that shows up in various ways, from rising obesity levels to sprawling urban design.
Consider parking: From strip malls to supermarkets to big retail emporiums, abundant parking is an American commonplace. Zoning ordinances typically require a certain number of parking spaces fo each 1,000 square feet of floor space. For the University Mall, the benchmark is 5.5 spaces. And the custom, at the University Mall and virtually every other suburban shopping complex, is to let customers park for free.
But it's not really free. Somebody pays property taxes to South Burlington every year on the multilevel parking ramp at the University Mall, and on all the land for the surface parking lots. Somebody pays to maintain those parking areas -- to plow the snow, paint the lines, keep them lighted and cleaned, safe, well-paved and in good repair. Somebody pays for the financing costs that came with building the lots and the ramp.
At first glance, that somebody is University Mall, which owns the ramp and the parking lots. University Mall, however, passes these costs on to its tenants -- more than 70 stores -- who pay for common-area maintenance, including the costs of and taxes for the parking areas. It's an overhead cost that national chains such as Sears, or JC Penneys, take into account when they make corporate decisions on such matters as pricing or staffing levels.
Do the stores pass those costs on to the customers?
Parking expenses are a cost of doing business, acknowledged Dorothy Micklas, manager of JC Penneys at University Mall, but she said she couldn't pinpoint any effects it might have on pricing, staffing or anything else in the store.
"We have to stay competitive with everyone, whether they’re in a mall or not," Micklas said.
Asked if overhead costs, such as parking, figure into how merchandise is priced at the corporate level, a spokeswoman for Kohl’s Department Stores replied: "We would not comment on that."
Still, it seems only fair for you, the customer, to pay something for the privilege of parking at Vermont’s largest enclosed mall. Fair, that is, unless you go there on foot. In that case, you’re subsidizing all the car-driving mall patrons when you do your shopping.
What car owners pay
With gasoline prices over $2 a gallon, the immediate cost of operating a car seems high enough by itself. For most households, in Vermont and across the country, transportation is the second highest annual expense, after housing.
"How much are you really paying to drive?" asks the AAA, a federation of motor clubs. The answers are spelled out in "Your Driving Costs 2005," an annual publication that offers spreadsheets for different kinds of vehicles and different miles driven per year.
Consider vehicles that travel 15,000 miles a year. (The Environmental Protection Agency puts the national average at about 12,000 miles; the average in Vermont, a rural state, is believed to be somewhat higher, but no average figures are available from the state Agency of Transportation.)
For a 2005 Chevrolet Cavalier LS, the cost is 47.6 cents per mile, according to the AAA. That’s $7,140 a year.
For a 2005 Chevrolet TrailBlazer LS, it’s 77.7 cents per mile, or $11,655 a year.
This analysis includes costs for fuel ($1.939 per gallon was used, a late-2004 price), maintenance, tires, depreciation, finance and license, registration and taxes, and insurance (see box).
The Internal Revenue Service puts a lower figure on the cost of operating a vehicle for business purposes. As of Jan. 1, the deductible rate for cars, vans, pickups and panel trucks has been 40.5 cents per mile.
How do these sorts of expenses play out in Vermont, where slightly more than half the households (according to the 2000 U.S. Census) own two or more vehicles?
Every year, the Vermont Joint Fiscal Office prepares a report on "Basic Needs Budgets," a market-based analysis of annual living expenses. Here’s what the 2005 report says about transportation as a share of the annual budget of two kinds of rural families.
For a single parent with one child, transportation accounts for $5,511 a year, or 16.5 percent of the annual household budget.
For two working parents with two children, transportation accounts for $12,349 a year, or 23.4 percent of the household budget.
What car owners don’t pay
Daunting as these expenses seem, they’re understated. That’s because they don’t include subsidies of motor vehicle use -- parking, highway costs not covered by such user fees as federal and state gasoline taxes and damage from motor vehicle accidents not covered by insurance.
What’s more, there’s another U.S. subsidy not typically associated with transportation that leads many people to spend more time in the car than they otherwise might. It’s the national housing subsidy, in the form of a federal tax deduction for mortgage interest. Tony Redington, a transportation planner in Montpelier, points out that housing subsidies "directly contribute to car dependency by encouraging households to trade extra transportation costs into the countryside for the lower costs of land and housing that the countryside provides."
How big is the housing subsidy? Mortgage interest deductions totaled $596 million in Vermont last year, according to the IRS. Nationally, the figure was $360 billion.
"The car and truck subsidy is a public policy choice," Redington said. "Canada taxes gas at a higher rate but has no federal highway program (or transportation either), and does not subsidize home ownership -- or public transit to any great extent."
A car-subsidy sampler
Drivers don’t pay the full cost of highways. Highway-user revenues -- that is, fees, imposed directly on drivers who use the roads, such as fuel and vehicle taxes and tolls -- pay for about 55 percent of the total revenue used for highways nationwide, according to the Federal Highway Administration. That total comprises federal, state and local government spending. The other 45 percent -- in effect, a subsidy -- comes from various other sources, including property taxes.
In Vermont, state expenditures for highways come from user fees and taxes (the state tax on gasoline is 20 cents a gallon). Local governments’ highway spending, however, typically draws on the property tax.
As for parking, the subsidy comes in different forms.
There’s free parking for commuters, for example. If it’s on publicly owned land, the subsidy is paid by taxpayers. If it’s offered at the workplace, the employer pays; and for the employee, it’s usually an untaxed fringe benefit, one that effectively promotes single-occupancy commuting. Employees who don’t drive are seldom offered alternative compensation.
One study estimated the value of free parking for employees at $85 billion a year.
Vermont’s largest private employer, IBM, offers free parking for its 6,000 employees, on lots that cover about 40 acres. (IBM also encourages ride-sharing and van pooling.) The annual cost to the company -- for maintenance, snowplowing, security, and so on -- is about $1 million, according to Jeff Couture, company spokesman.
Then there’s the parking that’s commonly offered free at suburban retail centers, where the cost is borne by the businesses and their customers -- whether they drive or not.
University Mall, for example, pays real estate taxes on its parking ramp, built in 1987 and valued at $3.5 million; and on 51 acres of land around the shopping complex, most of which is used for parking, and valued at about $5 million.
The annual property tax bill just for the ramp and the land amounts to about $225,000. As for the cost of maintaining the parking areas, a publication of the Urban Land Institute put the typical annual cost at $200 per surface parking space. Asked for University Mall’s parking maintenance expense, general manager Heather Tremblay declined to provide a figure, but she said $200 seemed high. Even if the cost is $100 a space, though, the maintenance cost for 2,200 surface spaces is about as much as the property tax bill. That doesn’t include the cost of repaving the parking lots, done in stages every five years or so.
The parking subsidy might be a good deal for the mall’s driving customers -- the crowded parking lots are a testament to that. But what about the nondrivers? It is possible to ride a bike to the mall (South Burlington even installed a bike path along Dorset Street) or to take the bus.
In May, 22,126 people boarded the University Mall/Airport bus, according to the Chittenden County Transit Authority. That was up 10 percent from the previous year.
How many of those people got out at University Mall? No one knows. CCTA doesn’t keep track of that.
The transit agency does keep track of how many people board the Williston bus, which runs from University Mall to the county’s other big suburban retail complex: Last month, 4,945 people rode the bus to Taft Corners. So, how much does the overall car subsidy amount to?
"I have used the figure of 8 cents a mile," Redington said, "representing most measurable costs -- health-related costs, bad air, value of deaths and major injuries not compensated for by insurance, road construction and maintenance out of general funds. Free parking is a big part of the 8 cents." Some research puts it higher, he said. He pointed out that his calculation does not include "national defense for oil supplies or global warming."
One thing to realize," Redington added, "for many, not having a car is true freedom -- no car insurance, no car payments, no parking hassles, and utilizing the money saved for more valuable things -- like vacation trips."
END