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Law of Receding Horizons

General discussions of the systemic, societal and civilisational effects of depletion.

Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Duende » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 11:45:55

Recently I became familiar with a term called the Law of Receding Horizons, and based on what I've read it has some pretty dire consequences for future development of other non-renewable resources out there like tar sands, oil shale, and nuclear.

For the uninitiated, the idea plays out like this: As the cost of producing oil rises, the [tar sand, oil shale, nuclear] project’s costs balloon until it is no longer economical. It's as if they believe that their costs will magically remain where they were, even as the cost of oil (and everything else) increases. In short, all the costs associated with these various projects rise too.

It seems that when it comes to non-renewable resources, "the Invisible Hand stays in its Invisible Lap."
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby mekrob » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 11:51:44

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Duende', 'R')ecently I became familiar with a term called the Law of Receding Horizons, and based on what I've read it has some pretty dire consequences for future development of other non-renewable resources out there like tar sands, oil shale, and nuclear.

For the uninitiated, the idea plays out like this: As the cost of producing oil rises, the [tar sand, oil shale, nuclear] project’s costs balloon until it is no longer economical. It's as if they believe that their costs will magically remain where they were, even as the cost of oil (and everything else) increases. In short, all the costs associated with these various projects rise too.

It seems that when it comes to non-renewable resources, "the Invisible Hand stays in its Invisible Lap."


Yeah, this idea is pretty common here. You can read Simmon's book in which he documents how since the '70's, the idea of tar sands and other magic bullets would save us if the price of oil just get "high enough", yet whenever that barrier is reached, the price of producing those resources increases as well so that it's just out of reach at any given price of oil, because the production of said resources is dependent upon the price of oil.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Bas » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 11:53:15

I think it's commonly known around here as EROEI (Energy Return On Energy invested).
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Duende » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 12:11:20

Bas wrote:
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I') think it's commonly known around here as EROEI (Energy Return On Energy invested).


That's what I thought initially, but the law of receding horizons is a little more robust in that it considers both energy and money invested. In this way, it would appear both need to be positive for projects to be pursued.

Here's a follow up question: does the law of receding horizons have impacts on the development of renewable resources as well?
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby aahala » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 12:41:04

It seems to me that the cost of "A" will always increase
in unison with the cost of "B", that the price difference will
always increase or it will always decrease, are all claims of
the same order--"high" claims.

The higher the claim the more weighty the evidence must be
for its general acceptance. I doubt any of the three are always true, but if you believe otherwise, here's your chance to convince
me by providing the evidence.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Tyler_JC » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 14:11:46

The Law Of Receding Horizons is incorrect.

Image

Does anyone dispute these charts?
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby MattSavinar » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 14:21:41

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Tyler_JC', 'T')he Law Of Receding Horizons is incorrect.

Image

Does anyone dispute these charts?


If you remove the government subsidies, the price of solar is about 40-45 cents per kwh.

Even if you don't factor that in, it should tell you something that two sources of energy that have come down in price by 95% in 25 years are still barely fractions of our overall energy profile.

I say this as somebody who makes money from micro-solar products so if anything I'm biased to look upon it favorably.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Duende » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 14:23:34

Thanks Tyler_JC. So it appears that the law of receding horizons does not apply for renewables.

But is there a consensus that it does apply to the development of non-renewables (particularly tar sands and oil shale)?
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Tyler_JC » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 14:23:50

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Duende', '[')b]Bas wrote:
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I') think it's commonly known around here as EROEI (Energy Return On Energy invested).


That's what I thought initially, but the law of receding horizons is a little more robust in that it considers both energy and money invested. In this way, it would appear both need to be positive for projects to be pursued.

Here's a follow up question: does the law of receding horizons have impacts on the development of renewable resources as well?


The LRH (law of receding horizons) ignores the fact that despite a eight fold increase in oil prices over the 1998-2008 decade, energy prices have only increased by 120%. Don't get me wrong, that represents a greater than 7% annual increase which far outstrips inflation in general. Energy prices are rising dramatically...but it's not a 8-fold increase.

Source

The LRH would have an impact if the sun didn't provide us with more energy than we could possibly want every day.

We are swimming in energy, we merely need to reach out our finger tips to retrieve it.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby cube » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 14:40:17

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Tyler_JC', '.')..
We are swimming in energy, we merely need to reach out our finger tips to retrieve it.
:lol: :lol: :lol:
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby LoneSnark » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 14:50:39

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'A')s the cost of producing oil rises, the [tar sand, oil shale, nuclear] project’s costs balloon until it is no longer economical. It's as if they believe that their costs will magically remain where they were, even as the cost of oil (and everything else) increases. In short, all the costs associated with these various projects rise too.

Your mistake is a common one. You are trying to be too general and are ignoring the specifics. As such, you are losing sight of what is really going on.

As such, let us pick one of your projects and extract the various costs/revenues of the process to see what effect changing oil prices actually have.

Ok, a tar sand mining operation has one source of revenue, selling oil. It has many forms of costs: diesel to drive to dump trucks, electricity to drive the loaders, pump water, and keep the lights on, natural gas to drive the reformulators, construction materials, and wages for the thousands of operators and engineers.

Now, let us say that this tar sand operation operates at a profit at current prices. Now, for whatever reason, energy prices double. For the sake of argument, let us also assume materials prices have also doubled. Is the operation still profitable?

Well, revenues from producing oil have doubled, and many costs have also doubled. If we assume all costs doubled then profits doubled (if before revenue was $10B and costs were $9B for a profit of $1B, then after doubling revenue will be $20B and costs are $18B, for a profit of $2B).
But not all costs doubled: workers wages are still roughly the same. From 1998 to 2008 while energy prices have gone up 500%, hourly wages have increased 10%. So, if wages work out to be 20% of operating costs, then costs only grow to $16.2B, meaning profits more than doubled, actually increasing 280% when oil prices increased 100%.

This is before we point out that many other costs would similarly not double. Over the past decade as oil prices went up 500%, electricity rates only increased 20%, steel prices only doubled, and natural gas prices only doubled.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Duende » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 15:13:23

Ok, so there isn't a one-to-one cost increase with the rising price of oil.

However, wouldn't the development of tar sands or oil shale (using oil imputs for extraction/transportation/etc.) essentially be "turning gold into lead" since oil has a much higher EROEI than either tar sand or oil shale?

Could the LRH be taking this effect into consideration?
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Heineken » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 15:17:03

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MattSavinar', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Tyler_JC', 'T')he Law Of Receding Horizons is incorrect.

Image

Does anyone dispute these charts?


If you remove the government subsidies, the price of solar is about 40-45 cents per kwh.

Even if you don't factor that in, it should tell you something that two sources of energy that have come down in price by 95% in 25 years are still barely fractions of our overall energy profile.


Do these graphs reflect the cost of replacing the current infrastructure with solar and wind, and maintaining the new system? I doubt it. They're probably just operating costs, under ideal conditions, once everything is up and running.

Of course, only a fraction of the current infrastructure CAN be replaced by alternatives.

Overall, I agree with the LRH. Makes perfect sense and fits REALITY.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Tyler_JC » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 15:54:28

EROEI:

Compare these two examples.

A wind turbine takes 10 units of energy to build and produces 100 units of usable energy in its lifetime.

An oil well takes 10 unites of energy to build and produces (after refinement, transportation, etc.) 200 units of usable energy in its lifetime.

When the oil runs dry, the oil well is finished. It can be recycled and turned into something else but overall the oil well will no longer be able to produce oil energy.

When the turbine breaks down, it can be repair or recycled...but the underlying energy source (the sun) hasn't disappeared.

The only limit to solar energy is our ability to capture it. (and the practical limits of land use but we have so much underutilized land compared to our needs that it becomes a moot point)

The limit to fossil fuels is their physical availability. Once the oil's gone, it's gone. You can't just build an oil well in Central Park and expect oil to come out. But you can stick a solar panel just about anywhere and get energy out of it.

As for the inability to maintain society off of installed renewable energy, I don't buy that argument.

If the EROEI of a wind turbine is 10 to 1, it's not going to suddenly drop below that point. Oil, on the other hand, can have a negative (X<1) EROEI if too much processing is necessary to turn oil shale into usable oil.

Produce lots of solar energy (in all of its forms) and you can electrify the transportation grid. Battery-powered service vehicles can buzz around repairing the wind turbines and the system is sustainable for much longer than the fossil fuel grid ever could be.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby Tyler_JC » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 16:00:22

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Duende', '[')b]Ok, so there isn't a one-to-one cost increase with the rising price of oil.

However, wouldn't the development of tar sands or oil shale (using oil imputs for extraction/transportation/etc.) essentially be "turning gold into lead" since oil has a much higher EROEI than either tar sand or oil shale?

Could the LRH be taking this effect into consideration?


You just figured it out.

At some point, the alternatives will be cheaper than oil. We might have reached that point by now.

That doesn't mean we're suddenly going to see a billion solar panels overnight because the capacity isn't there...yet.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby namenick » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 16:26:35

When I was in Syncrude in N. Alberta in 99, they said that they were getting down to close to total cost of $10 a barrel, everything in. I think it's more like $15 now but that's a hard figure to uncover because they don't seem to be forthcoming on it. Considering that they don't have any energy costs to operate but do have labour costs and materials costs, the profits have skyrocketed. It needs to be looked at as how much energy in to get energy out. That remains stable and the tarsands will remain a viable source of oil until it's tapped out.

And of course their extraction efficiency is getting better which drives cost down. Taxes could be the wildcard.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby yesplease » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 17:57:15

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MattSavinar', 'I')f you remove the government subsidies, the price of solar is about 40-45 cents per kwh.
Source?

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Heineken', 'D')o these graphs reflect the cost of replacing the current infrastructure with solar and wind, and maintaining the new system? I doubt it. They're probably just operating costs, under ideal conditions, once everything is up and running.
Those graphs represent the overall cost including incentives of wind/solar over the expected lifetime. Matt expressed that solar has something along the lines of a 20 cent/kWh subsidy, but the only thing I've read about is this. So for wind add a couple cents w/o the subsidy. That being said, in order to compare it fairly we would need to include the externalized cost of GHG emissions/pollution and subsidies for different forms of fossil fuel power, which are a result of their relatively powerful lobbies.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby JPL » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 20:05:45

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Tyler_JC', 'T')he Law Of Receding Horizons is incorrect.

Image

Does anyone dispute these charts?


Woh, I dispute these charts!

When last I looked, wind was free, sun was free.

Thus 100% of the ongoing price of these power sources are capital & loan costs on the infrastructure (give or take the odd govt. grant or two).

Question for the audience. Are these infrastructure costs going to up or down in the next few years (along with everything else) - vote 'Y' for 'Yes' or 'N' for 'Not figured it out yet'?

Grrr...

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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby aflurry » Wed 23 Jan 2008, 21:02:17

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Duende', '[')b]Bas wrote:
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I') think it's commonly known around here as EROEI (Energy Return On Energy invested).


That's what I thought initially, but the law of receding horizons is a little more robust in that it considers both energy and money invested. In this way, it would appear both need to be positive for projects to be pursued.


i bet you can make the law even more robust if you consider not only the project cost but also the risk of investment. that is, large scale projects require significant up-front investment capital. if the payoff is risky for any particular project, investors will demand higher return before they will front the money. this premium must be considered as part of the cost, and that is over and above strict EROEI.
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Re: Law of Receding Horizons

Unread postby LoneSnark » Thu 24 Jan 2008, 01:56:20

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'H')owever, wouldn't the development of tar sands or oil shale (using oil imputs for extraction/transportation/etc.) essentially be "turning gold into lead" since oil has a much higher EROEI than either tar sand or oil shale?

Again, look closer at what is actually taking place. At an tar sands open-pit mine a lot of energy is being consumed in the form of diesel fuel to drive the trucks, but a lot of the energy being used is natural gas in the cooking process to turn the tar into oil. So, absolutely worst case scenario, it is turning gold into gold. But in actual fact, it is turning a little oil, a little natural gas, and a little electricity into oil.

Now, this does present the potential problem: if natural gas and electricity rates increased dramatically faster than oil prices then the process would become unprofitable. But since Peak Oil is all about oil, I find such an eventuality unlikely. Which means tar sands, off-shore drilling, and any other crazy schemes to produce oil only become more profitable after Peak Oil, not less.
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