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Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Discussions about the economic and financial ramifications of PEAK OIL

Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Tue 13 Feb 2007, 15:46:09

...will pose a major problem. We're all stuck in countries that are making debts with the notion that while their economies grow, it will be easy to pay those debts of in the future. However, soon we will have to get used to slowly declining economies and while the market will impose this on us, institutions outside of the direct influence of the market will need time to get used and adjust to this new situation.

please elaborate.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby JPL » Tue 13 Feb 2007, 18:40:13

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Bas', '.')..will pose a major problem. We're all stuck in countries that are making debts with the notion that while their economies grow, it will be easy to pay those debts of in the future. However, soon we will have to get used to slowly declining economies and while the market will impose this on us, institutions outside of the direct influence of the market will need time to get used and adjust to this new situation.

please elaborate.


Hi Bas

There was a documentary in The UK a few years ago about new research from Stonehenge. Basically under & around the current stones is a much older (& larger site) which was designed to keep track of the phases of the moon rather than the solar year (which the later, big monument, is mainly designed to do).

They postulated that the old site may have originally been set-up by hunter-gatherers at the end of the last ice age - who mainly hunted at night - and for whoom the moon (bright or dark on a particular night) was more important than anything else.

When the ice melted and agriculture began to practiced ( - based on solar seasons) the priests/social leaders tried to adapt the ancient site and make a new 'solar' calander.

Except the trouble was, no-one actually needs a 200 giga-lith calculator to work out the phases of the solar year (grin).

So the religion collapsed, the site fell into dis-use, and the whole thing has been a mystery ever since.

It remains to be seen wiether the complex calculations we now have to do to keep our current economy running, will be of any use in the immediate future (possibly, if adapted a bit) but also in the long-term (almost certainly not).

JPL
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Grifter » Tue 13 Feb 2007, 19:12:18

Blimey JPL. Took me a while to get that analogy but I see what you mean now.

I started (and have now completed) paying off my debts when I first learned of Peak Oil. I may be forever miffed that quite possibly everyone elses debts could be wiped out in the impending crisis.

As I had the ability to pay off those debts though, it wasn't a gamble I was willing to take. I am looking at Peak Oil with the same mental paradigm that brought us to where we are.

However, I think the most likely outcome is that those without debt will be the last to be enslaved and maybe never will. Sure, I may have to look a former sociatal high flyer in the face as he toils as I trade (to some extent). But yeah, I really don't know how things will pan out.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'i')nstitutions outside of the direct influence of the market will need time to get used and adjust to this new situation.


I just can't think of what these institutions are Bas. Teaching maybe? farming? local markets?

I think we'll see people using baskets, to harvest fruit and veg whilst teaching young people how to repair agricultural machine parts.

Oh yeah and the war machine too, that'l' be kind of inside and outside of the 'market'.

Am I on the wrong track here?
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Tue 13 Feb 2007, 19:54:35

well Grifter, I'm talking about governmental institutions and their expansive policies mainly, besides that unions, and quite important; the central banks.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Grifter » Tue 13 Feb 2007, 20:08:59

Oh well, I think unions are going to stamp their feet a lot but as always they'll be painted as irrational and old fashioned. I don't know how unions are viewed in the rest of europe though but here they'll be largely ignored.

I think the central banks will try to control matters but you and others here know far more about this than me.

Nature will be dictating matters though, I'm sure of that.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Tue 13 Feb 2007, 20:54:47

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Grifter', 'O')h well, I think unions are going to stamp their feet a lot but as always they'll be painted as irrational and old fashioned. I don't know how unions are viewed in the rest of europe though but here they'll be largely ignored.

I think the central banks will try to control matters but you and others here know far more about this than me.

Nature will be dictating matters though, I'm sure of that.


As capital organizes itself, so should labor; that's only natural. Still these institutions(government, unions and central banks) will have great difficulty accepting and adapting to the new situation initially, resulting in extra damage to the economy vs if they acted as fast as the market (It's a given that they will react much slower than the market, as none market organisations are known to do)
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby vision-master » Tue 13 Feb 2007, 23:11:39

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '.')..will pose a major problem. We're all stuck in countries that are making debts with the notion that while their economies grow, it will be easy to pay those debts of in the future. However, soon we will have to get used to slowly declining economies and while the market will impose this on us, institutions outside of the direct influence of the market will need time to get used and adjust to this new situation.


If only everyone stopped using credit cards. What a wonderful world it would be.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Thu 15 Feb 2007, 14:15:54

I don't see why people should or will stop using credit cards after PO.

Anyway, back to the topic which I gave some more thought; I think that the institutional rigidness will cause the labor unions not to accept paycuts for the members which will be needed in order to preserve jobs. They will only come around when the unemployment will have reached relatively high levels but by then alot of damage will have been done.

The case with the central banks will be similar; when confronted with inflation their auto-response will be to raise rates steeply while that same inflation is needed to lower the real wages and keep unemployment down. The most important thing however, is that high interestest rates will push alot of companies and individuals that are already deeply indebted, into bankruptcy.

Governments probably face the most complicated problems; they will be faced with rising deficits to begin with and America, with it's already huge deficit and national debt will be financially crippled and be forced to cut back on everything in a time in which leadership from the state will be needed and expected by many; the price of running an expansive economic policy in "the golden years"

In short, the same institutions that have proven valuable in a growing economy will worsen problems considerably especially considering they are going into this totally unprepared. They will have to adapt policies more sharply than ever, with an ever declining economy in mind and it will take years before these are fine tuned, after which they might become beneficial again to society as a whole.

please elaborate/give feedback
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby highlander » Thu 15 Feb 2007, 14:52:48

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Bas', 'G')overnments probably face the most complicated problems; they will be faced with rising deficits to begin with and America, with it's already huge deficit and national debt will be financially crippled and be forced to cut back on everything in a time in which leadership from the state will be needed and expected by many; the price of running an expansive economic policy in "the golden years"

In short, the same institutions that have proven valuable in a growing economy will worsen problems considerably especially considering they are going into this totally unprepared. They will have to adapt policies more sharply than ever, with an ever declining economy in mind and it will take years before these are fine tuned, after which they might become beneficial again to society as a whole.

please elaborate/give feedback


The gov'ts will fall back on the tried and true measures
taxes will increase
regulation on the individual will increase
corporate regulation will decrease

bureaucracies are unable to contract.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Thu 15 Feb 2007, 15:03:40

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('highlander', 'T')he gov'ts will fall back on the tried and true measures
taxes will increase
regulation on the individual will increase
corporate regulation will decrease

bureaucracies are unable to contract.


naturally, goverments that only run a small deficit/have a small debt are best positioned to deal with the outfall, they can afford to run bigger deficits for at least some time. In those countries that have a big deficit taxes will have to be increased, sometimes considerably which will only contribute to the economic turmoil.

and you're very right in saying that bureaucracies are unable to contract and nor are they able to react to fast changing circumstances; spreading more misery than necessary.

Going into PO unprepared as all these institutions seem to be, will increase the misery considerably for at least a couple of years.(usually you need a debate in the media or a disaster (think New Orleans) before non-market institutions start planning)
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Thu 15 Feb 2007, 15:05:52

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('JPL', '
')
Hi Bas

There was a documentary in The UK a few years ago about new research from Stonehenge. Basically under & around the current stones is a much older (& larger site) which was designed to keep track of the phases of the moon rather than the solar year (which the later, big monument, is mainly designed to do).

They postulated that the old site may have originally been set-up by hunter-gatherers at the end of the last ice age - who mainly hunted at night - and for whoom the moon (bright or dark on a particular night) was more important than anything else.

When the ice melted and agriculture began to practiced ( - based on solar seasons) the priests/social leaders tried to adapt the ancient site and make a new 'solar' calander.

Except the trouble was, no-one actually needs a 200 giga-lith calculator to work out the phases of the solar year (grin).

So the religion collapsed, the site fell into dis-use, and the whole thing has been a mystery ever since.


JPL


Thanks for the highly enjoyable anecdote JPL :)
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby MrBill » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 04:07:23

Bas wrote:
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'n')aturally, goverments that only run a small deficit/have a small debt are best positioned to deal with the outfall, they can afford to run bigger deficits for at least some time. In those countries that have a big deficit taxes will have to be increased, sometimes considerably which will only contribute to the economic turmoil.


Except that is exactly the Keynesian thinking that got us into these problems in the first place. The irresistable urge to tinker by opening the spigots of deficit spending to stimulate the economy artificially to alleviate short-term pain from restructuring the real economy so that supply & demand come back into balance.

Policy makers from Brazil could not resist voting themselves pay raises and raising the minimum wage to deal with the effects of inflation even though high taxes and large deficits are already holding the economy back by making interest rates higher than they need to be and squeezing out lending. Ditto for Argentina.

Japan, a relatively rich country with large external reserves, could not spend its way out of its low, slow growth, decade long stop & go recession either? Where real interest rates were negative, and officially the government ran a ZIRP policy during that time, while intervening in the FX markets to keep the yen competitive.

Why? Because the temptation to meddle with interest rates, minimum wage, currency manipulation are not substitutes for domestic reforms.

How is it that international companies like Toyoto thrived, while the domestic economy was in a slump for the past 10-years? Because Toyoto was reacting to external competitive pressures, while the bureaucracy of the METI/MITI (ministry of economic trade and industry) meddled in domestic industries to keep illiquid companies from going bankrupt or laying-off workers. The results could not be more different. While Toyoto is a world beating company posting record profits, Japan is still stuck with a low growth domestic economy despite the government running large budget deficits. Ironically, its latest growth spurt is fuelled by, you guessed it, exports to China.

So what has not worked for Brazil, Argentina or rich world countries like Japan will not work for anyone else either. Short-term solutions like deficit spending do not solve problems, they mask them leading to larger problems later.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 07:46:51

I disagree to some extend; deficit spending has worked in a lot of countries helping them out of a recession as long as the economy had long term growth (and increased taxflows to look forward to).

The big difference now will be that the economy will contract over the long term in which situation, running deficits will be much less sustainable; the debt of past deficits will start to hurt much more too, except if there's a lot of inflation. And economies will quickly run a big deficit when the PO crisis hits, even (or maybe esspecially) if they don't change a thing from the policies they have now.

MrBill, wouldn'd you agree that the tried and tested policies of the governments and central banks will not work this time around and that it will take time for them to recognize that; the problem of institutional rigidness.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby MrBill » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 09:53:08

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Bas', 'I') disagree to some extend; deficit spending has worked in a lot of countries helping them out of a recession as long as the economy had long term growth (and increased taxflows to look forward to).

The big difference now will be that the economy will contract over the long term in which situation, running deficits will be much less sustainable; the debt of past deficits will start to hurt much more too, except if there's a lot of inflation. And economies will quickly run a big deficit when the PO crisis hits, even (or maybe esspecially) if they don't change a thing from the policies they have now.

MrBill, wouldn'd you agree that the tried and tested policies of the governments and central banks will not work this time around and that it will take time for them to recognize that; the problem of institutional rigidness.



No, I do not agree with you on several poinst except that governments are rigid.

First of all there are no tried and tested policies of the governments and central banks. No sooner did we recover from the disasters of nationalization and Keynesian policies of the 1960s & 70s then we started flirting with deficit spending in the form of money supply again.

Look how widespread the abuse is for IMF economic policies that are fairly responsible compared to what they are designed to replace, and pretty much everyone loves to hate the IMF and World Bank.

That is general and all encompassing, but many lessons went unlearned. No sooner do countries recover from currency crises then they go back to business as usual once markets calm down.


In the UK, for example, New Labor has all but erased the painful less and the gains of Thatcher reforms. Taxes are much higher than they were in the early 90s, while many of the problems associated with public services falling short of expectation, like waiting times for the NHS still remain. That is negative growth, not building on the experience that government meddling rarely works.

Secondly, no sooner did we set central banks lose from government influence to concentrate on fighting inflation than they cranked-up money supply to stimulate growth to save the economy from contraction. Even as national politicians are clammering to make central banks once again subserviant to politicians. Nothing has been learned. Much less tried and tested.

As my example of the BOJ demonstrated. But coincidently here is a supporting argument (but I promise I made my points before I read it).

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', ' ')THE yen is perhaps the world's most undervalued currency. It is even cheaper than the Chinese yuan by some measures. Last week the Japanese currency hit an all-time low against the euro and its real trade-weighted value fell to its lowest since at least 1970, according to an index tracked by JPMorgan. But do not expect the G7 finance ministers and central bankers meeting in Essen, Germany, on February 9th and 10th to spend much time discussing the yen, let alone to do anything to support it.

American and European policymakers do not see eye to eye on the yen. The Europeans would like some action to push up the currency, which, they say, is not bearing its fair share of the dollar's decline. Our latest update of The Economist's Big Mac index suggests that the yen is a massive 40% undervalued against the euro.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Japan's economy is no longer flat on its back. Last year it grew by an estimated 2.3%, and it is forecast to maintain a similar pace this year. As a result, Japan does not need such low interest rates or a super-cheap currency any more. Indeed, Japan's abnormally low rates could be viewed as a form of intervention to hold down the yen.

The Bank of Japan (BoJ) bowed to government pressure and held rates unchanged at 0.25% in January. But figures due on February 15th, which are expected to show that GDP grew at an annual rate of 3.5-4% in the three months to December, could give the bank the green light to raise rates at its next meeting. This weekend the G7 could usefully back such a move.
Carry on living dangerously

Which is why I made this trade recommendation recently.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'U')PDATE: trades I would recommend, but not for the faint of heart.

1. Buy wheat. Sell corn. Historically, corn rarely trades for long at a premium to wheat. Look for ethanol margins to go negative first.

2. Buy yen. Sell euros. The specs are huge yen shorts. Divergence is large on COTS. Look for that to correct. Perhaps after the next G7/G8 meeting.

Trader's Corner 2007

Because when that trade unwinds it will blow a lot of traders and conventional wisdom out of the water. It hasn't yet, but it will. Surely there must be economic consequences of keeping interest rates at zero when world growth is plus and inflation positive if conventional wisdom tells us that raising interests is the only way to fight inflation? What conventional wisdom are we talking about here? Where is the consensus?

So, no, I do not see any tried and tested policies that have worked in the past. I mostly see benign neglect coupled with ill-advised intervention. Markets and a real economy that have muddled through despite governments, not thanks to them. Perhaps benign neglect is even preferable?

Bas wrote:
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', ' ') I disagree to some extend; deficit spending has worked in a lot of countries helping them out of a recession as long as the economy had long term growth (and increased taxflows to look forward to).


I beg to disagree. Deficit spending never helped anyone out of a recession as far as I know? Borrowing from the future does not make you richer today.

The first big social experiment starting with the New Deal was after markets had been contracting for several years, maybe back to fair values, so production would have rebounded in any case. That coupled with the economic stimulus of re-arming and preparing for world war two. First by supplying Germany, then the Allies, and finally America itself.

I borrow money to buy appreciating assets such as a house because my savings may not be adequate and inflation may be undermining my future savings. However, I do not make myself wealthier by borrowing money to purchase a depreciating asset like a car.

The same for governments. They may borrow money or issue bonds to build roads, ports, railways and other infrastructure that makes the economy more competitive and creates a future stream of income from economic rents. But spending on social programs or other wealth transfers, which can be seen as depreciating assets, do not generate the same future benefits. How does paying for perscription medicine and pensions for retired seniors from unearned government revenues, that is to say from future generations of taxpayers, create a net positive benefit?

You pay cash for your car and you pay for benefits out of today's fully funded tax revenues. That is prudent.

At most they stimulate the economy today with the multiplier effect, or the velocity of money argument, but even there I would be very cautious? It depends on whether that government money is pushing out private flows and investment versus really creating new employment that survives beyond the initial or ongoing stimulus. It has been shown that getting long-term welfare recipients off government aid is more beneficial to them and the economy in the long-term than raising benefits.

Even though civil servants pay taxes they are still a net cost as marginal tax rates are not 100%. Someone is paying for their salaries and benefits by forfeiting their own savings and investment.

But you can imagine that against the backdrop of reduced economic activity from post peak oil resource depletion that economic growth will become harder, so it needs to be built on a strong base and not created artificially hoping that future growth will inflate away real debts today.

In that respect I can agree that current government policies, even amoung some of the most enlightened fiscal conservatives, nevermind the rest, are poorly-equipped to deal with falling growth and a protracted contraction in the real economy. And I am sure they will make EVERY mistake while adjusting to the new reality!
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 11:10:29

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', 'I')n that respect I can agree that current government policies, even amoung some of the most enlightened fiscal conservatives, nevermind the rest, are poorly-equipped to deal with falling growth and a protracted contraction in the real economy. And I am sure they will make EVERY mistake while adjusting to the new reality!


well, we came to the same conclusion anyway. :)

anyway, IMO the state is needed for things that the market cannot take care of efficiently like infrastructure, justice etc. , but that as a side note.

States will run bigger deficits regardless of it's part of a conscious efford; taxes income will fall. And you can claim that running deficits during economic crisis doesn't work but I think a whole lot of people will disagree with you. I'm not saying that you might not be right in claiming what you do, you very well might be, (haven't studied it myself in detail) but I think there are alot of people (in power) that will push for deficit spending.

Apart from that I have to agree, in either case, that deficit spending will become more and more impossible with a trend of economic decline, and therefor ill-advised.

PS didn't the Bush tax cuts help to kick-start the American economy a couple of years ago? or do you distinguish between deficit by taxcuts vs deficit by spending?
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby MrBill » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 11:27:34

Bas wrote:
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'P')S didn't the Bush tax cuts help to kick-start the American economy a couple of years ago? or do you distinguish between deficit by taxcuts vs deficit by spending?


Bush took credit for an uptick in economic activity, and certainly I support tax cuts that put more money into taxpayers' and consumers' pockets, so long as tax cuts are accompanied by lower government spending.

higher government spending by issuing debt is no different than boosting your Christmas spending by using your credit card. sure it boosts your spending in December. followed by lower spending in January because not only do you need to pay back the principle, but also the interest.

the longer you let unpaid balances accumulate the larger the interest bill, and therefore the lower your future spending will be. issuing new debt to pay interest is not a free ride either. it is all cumulative.

take your entire life's NET earnings as X
take all the money you borrowed as P
take all the interest you paid as I
your networth when you die will be

NW = X - P - I

I have purposefully left out savings because they are part of NET earnings or defered consumption.
X = wages + income earned on savings/investments

The USA is not generating 'a lot' * of foreign income from savings invested abroad if the government is running a budget deficit and the country is running a current account deficit! ; - )

*US foreign income earned abroad offset by interest bill
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'T')he U.S. recorded an outflow of $11 billion in December, compared with an inflow of $70.5 billion in November, the Treasury said.
The U.S. economy has required big inflows of capital of about $70 billion every month to fund its large current account deficit, which totaled $225.6 billion in the third quarter -- about 6.8% of gross domestic product.
The large inflows of foreign capital have kept U.S. interest rates lower than they would otherwise be, boosting the real-estate sector and other asset markets with cheap money.
The dollar fell against yen and the euro following the report, which, according to Action Economics, "didn't sit too well" with the markets after Tuesday's report on the nation's growing trade gap and a Wall Street Journal report that China is considering shifting some of its $1 trillion in foreign reserves into riskier assets, such as corporate bonds, stocks and even commodities. See full story on currency markets.
The December flows data include both long- and short-term securities. The outflow resulted from total sales of $42.5 billion in securities by private investors, partially offset by $31.5 billion in purchases by official institutions.
U.S. residents purchased a net $47.4 billion in long-term foreign securities.
December sees $11 billion net capital outflow
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 11:45:25

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 't')he longer you let unpaid balances accumulate the larger the interest bill, and therefore the lower your future spending will be. issuing new debt to pay interest is not a free ride either. it is all cumulative.


ofcourse. And it will all start to hurt more when the tax revenues start to decline.

BTW, isn't there a famous law that says that a certain % of national debt is good for the economy (not sure about the definition, and it can be thrown into the trash can with a negative growthtrend anyway)
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby MrBill » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 12:50:18

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Bas', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 't')he longer you let unpaid balances accumulate the larger the interest bill, and therefore the lower your future spending will be. issuing new debt to pay interest is not a free ride either. it is all cumulative.


ofcourse. And it will all start to hurt more when the tax revenues start to decline.

BTW, isn't there a famous law that says that a certain % of national debt is good for the economy (not sure about the definition, and it can be thrown into the trash can with a negative growthtrend anyway)


I am sure that REAL economists and not just those of that play one on the Internet have thought about these things deeper than I have. For instance I am sure such handy rules of thumb underpin the logic for The Maastricht Criteria of 3% deficit of GDP p.a. and a total debt of less than 60% of GDP. That may BE the actual number that has proven to be sustainable or it MAYBE the political compromise agreed to by politicians that still wanted some wiggle room to stimulate their national economies once they gave up monetary policy to the ECB?

But here is a quiz. Whether -3% in the eurozone or -6% for the USA have they sustained growth levels higher or lower than Asian economies with high levels of personal savings that have been growing faster than the 4-5% global average?

And ironically FDI lets these Asian economies actually grow faster than trend because it goes to finance capital goods and projects and not consumption. Thereby stimulating higher future cash flows from those projects or from increased future production.

So the take-home would be so long as governments only borrow money to fund investments in infrastructure to make the economy more competitive it is probably okay to run small deficits. But the way to do that responsibly is to fund those projects with project bonds linked to the cash flows from a new port, new road or new power plant.

That way the revenue from that project flows to repay the bond and not into the general operating revenue of the government where it can be syphoned off for non-income generating uses like wealth transfers. Those expenses need to be paid from taxation not debt.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby Bas » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 13:31:32

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'B')ut here is a quiz. Whether -3% in the eurozone or -6% for the USA have they sustained growth levels higher or lower than Asian economies with high levels of personal savings that have been growing faster than the 4-5% global average?


In the long run only technology really matters; what the NIC's are doing now is putting to use old technologies that the west already fully utilizes. There will come a point when they applied all the "old" technologies and their growth levels will drop to what it is in the west (and that will be negative with PO)

agree with you on the state financing. Another case on it anyway; states should have created a fund for retirement and the states that didn't do that (alot of western states didn't) will have a big problem when the baby-boomers retire; Another catastrophy waiting to happen.
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Re: Institutional rigidness in the initial PO crisis

Postby MrBill » Fri 16 Feb 2007, 13:46:24

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Bas', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'B')ut here is a quiz. Whether -3% in the eurozone or -6% for the USA have they sustained growth levels higher or lower than Asian economies with high levels of personal savings that have been growing faster than the 4-5% global average?


In the long run only technology really matters; what the NIC's are doing now is putting to use old technologies that the west already fully utilizes. There will come a point when they applied all the "old" technologies and their growth levels will drop to what it is in the west (and that will be negative with PO)

agree with you on the state financing. Another case on it anyway; states should have created a fund for retirement and the states that didn't do that (alot of western states didn't) will have a big problem when the baby-boomers retire; Another catastrophy waiting to happen.


potential growth is found at the production frontier where capital, labor, land and intangibles are used to their fullest. a poor country with a lot of labor can still climb up their own production frontier with infusions of technology to make better use of their land or labor for example. but I get your point. also from headline growth you need to strip out inflation to get real growth. in the end real growth only comes from labor productivity enhancements.
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