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A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Discussions about the economic and financial ramifications of PEAK OIL

A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby OilChick » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 00:49:47

Thirty-year treasury yields are below five percent and thirty-year fixed-rate mortgages are available with interest rates of less than seven percent. Given peak oil, the boomer retirement, the war on terror, global warming, the $800 billion current account deficit, and other macro problems, it would seem very dangerous to be loaning money out over that long of a term.

The question becomes, "what happens to long-term rates when peak oil goes from being a term known by 1% of the population to a term known by 99% of the population?" Can the bond market, the housing market, and the stock market cope with the recognition of peak oil? I don't think there are too many peak-oil enthusiasts that would buy a thirty-year bond from the government.

Maybe the central banks will buy up all the long-term debt and will start explicitly setting long-term rates.
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby Falconoffury » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 02:00:23

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I') don't think there are too many peak-oil enthusiasts that would buy a thirty-year bond from the government.


That is why you want to hold onto valuable commodities like precious metals, solar panels, and bullets.

When the world finally wakes up, you'll be already ahead of the game.
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby MrBill » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 04:36:40

Rates may look absurdly low and therefore not worth investing in, but for the most part long-term treasuries are assets sold to pension funds and others that have long-term liabilities to offset. Many public funds for example can only invest in bonds if that is in their prospectus. For many long-term savings programs a portfolio of only equities or indeed loaded up with gold may not be the right hedging mix regardless of what your view of the future looks like as it may turn out to be incorrect.

Many other buyers of long-term treasuries are using the long duration of the bond market to express a view on interest rates and inflation because the long-end of the bond market reacts more to small moves in either direction than the short-term maturies do. These positions will likely not be held to maturity and will result in either capital gains or losses for their buyers. This is more speculation, not investing.

A massive depression stemming from the fallout of post peak oil may be deflationary which would be good for the holders of long-term fixed interest debt so long as they have confidence in the government's ability to pay interest and principle on maturity. If not, then government bonds are not the right investment vehicle for them and they should buy gold or some other asset instead.

Markets work best when there is a willing buyer and a willing seller. Even gold markets will not function if no one wants to sell gold and no one wants to buy gold. So if you have a view you can express it by taking the opposite position as the buyers of long bonds. That is by selling bond futures. If they are wrong, you will make money, which you can then use to buy gold or another real asset of value.

Your timing is very good. Merrill LYnch had this to say this morning in a research note to clients.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I')f the current rally in equities continues, we could be setting up for a crash of sorts in the bond market the long only open interest in the 10yr treasury is currently at a record, which means any potential unwind of this massive long position could make the recent commodity sell off look like a pinprick as far as financial losses to institutions and hedge funds is concerned.
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby Doly » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 05:32:24

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')A massive depression stemming from the fallout of post peak oil may be deflationary which would be good for the holders of long-term fixed interest debt so long as they have confidence in the government's ability to pay interest and principle on maturity.


My understanding is that the government can always pay back bonds, because they can always print more money. Am I wrong?
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby MrBill » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 06:02:02

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Doly', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')A massive depression stemming from the fallout of post peak oil may be deflationary which would be good for the holders of long-term fixed interest debt so long as they have confidence in the government's ability to pay interest and principle on maturity.


My understanding is that the government can always pay back bonds, because they can always print more money. Am I wrong?


Yes, that is why US government bonds in US dollars are considered risk free. Not risk free as in inflation will not eat away at your principle or risk free that the dollar may go down in value. But risk free in that the US government enjoys seigniorage over its currency and therefore credit default is unlikely. However, deflation would be good for bond holders, but a massive contraction in the real economy would also impact the government's revenues. Printing money just to repay bond holders would either cause domestic inflation or devalue the dollar externally. Or worse case scenario, stagflation, which would be falling domestic output, while external prices (imports) rise in price.
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby Dreamtwister » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 11:07:29

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('OilChick', 'C')an the bond market, the housing market, and the stock market cope with the recognition of peak oil?


No. We're already seeing how fragile the house of cards is, and as you said, peak oil is only within the consciousness of (extremely generous estimation) 1% of the people. You start waking people up and it becomes a catastrophe.

Even looking at *just* the United States, imagine 3 million people (1%) all running out and buying up silver bullion. What do you suppose that would do?
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby GoIllini » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 13:02:30

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Dreamtwister', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('OilChick', 'C')an the bond market, the housing market, and the stock market cope with the recognition of peak oil?


No. We're already seeing how fragile the house of cards is, and as you said, peak oil is only within the consciousness of (extremely generous estimation) 1% of the people. You start waking people up and it becomes a catastrophe.

Even looking at *just* the United States, imagine 3 million people (1%) all running out and buying up silver bullion. What do you suppose that would do?


Dreamtwister,

Many of the financial institutions have known about PO for years. Talk to any oil trader about it, and he'll be able to talk about M. King Hubbert, and maybe one or two of the economists who think Peak Oil will have a decent impact on the economy. Same with a lot of traders and researchers on the floors of various investment banks.

Most importantly, though, they'll be able to discuss specifics about what grades of oil they think have peaked. One of the guys I recently interviewed with figured that LSC was peaking, but that it wouldn't affect oil prices or even gas prices that much; only heavy crude refining capacities.

These guys have the leverage of perhaps 5-10,000 average Americans. Your typical American *might* be able to buy a single crude contract. These guys often trade them by the thousands.

No, peak oil won't ruin the economy. It would have ruined it already when these guys found out a few years ago.
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby Dreamtwister » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 13:34:11

Nonsense, they would play manipulative little games to try and drive out the weakest investing hands, grabbing up as much wealth for themselves as possible before the whole economy goes right off the cliff.

Oh wait, that's exactly what they are doing.

The only reason the economy hasn't crashed already is precisely because there are so few people "in the know". People like your bankers and oil traders represent a very small percentage of the population (well under the 1% being discussed here), and they are using that knowledge to drive all of their weaker competition off of the trading floor.

When someone like Buffett dumps a million oz of silver onto the market, everyone at the exchange knows it. What does he care if he loses a million dollars, when his sell triggers a panic sell and drives the price lower? The smaller traders get squeezed out, and he comes right back in and buys all of his silver back (and everyone else's) at a discount.

If everyone entered the market with what Buffett knows, what do you think that would do to the price of our example commodity?

What about bonds? If the individual bond-holders actually understood the mechanism of fiat currency, how quickly do you think they would divest? How quickly would you divest if you knew that any potential interest earnings (as well as a good portion of your principle) would be wiped out by the resulting inflation? Would anyone actually buy a government bond if it said "I.O.U." on it, instead of "Full faith and credit"?

No, the economy persists because of the total ignorance of the masses.
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby MrBill » Fri 13 Oct 2006, 15:00:31

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Dreamtwister', 'N')onsense, they would play manipulative little games to try and drive out the weakest investing hands, grabbing up as much wealth for themselves as possible before the whole economy goes right off the cliff.

Oh wait, that's exactly what they are doing.

The only reason the economy hasn't crashed already is precisely because there are so few people "in the know". People like your bankers and oil traders represent a very small percentage of the population (well under the 1% being discussed here), and they are using that knowledge to drive all of their weaker competition off of the trading floor.

When someone like Buffett dumps a million oz of silver onto the market, everyone at the exchange knows it. What does he care if he loses a million dollars, when his sell triggers a panic sell and drives the price lower? The smaller traders get squeezed out, and he comes right back in and buys all of his silver back (and everyone else's) at a discount.

If everyone entered the market with what Buffett knows, what do you think that would do to the price of our example commodity?

What about bonds? If the individual bond-holders actually understood the mechanism of fiat currency, how quickly do you think they would divest? How quickly would you divest if you knew that any potential interest earnings (as well as a good portion of your principle) would be wiped out by the resulting inflation? Would anyone actually buy a government bond if it said "I.O.U." on it, instead of "Full faith and credit"?

No, the economy persists because of the total ignorance of the masses.


public markets, public information, that some are better armed reflects on those that play without doing their research, or not? if public markets did not exist, Al Gore and others would campaign to make them open to the masses, or not? oh wait, he did, just before the dot.con bust! ; - )
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby GoIllini » Sat 14 Oct 2006, 03:53:58

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Dreamtwister', 'N')onsense, they would play manipulative little games to try and drive out the weakest investing hands, grabbing up as much wealth for themselves as possible before the whole economy goes right off the cliff.

Dreamtwister,

Few traders would consider taking a position against where they think the market is trending as a wise move. Yes, there may be some, but "driving out the weakest hands" isn't how the aggregate of the various professional traders operates, from my experience. In reality, professional traders make money by keeping the market efficient and tied to various data about where it's heading.

Additionally, I've never heard of a panic that lasted more than a day or two, let alone several years. My understanding is that panics happen because investors make poor-quality decisions and quickly buy or sell out of fear. If investors have a few nights to sleep on it, they generally make better decisions. That's why two months of low oil prices isn't a panic; it's something that reflects market fundamentals.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'O')h wait, that's exactly what they are doing.

The only reason the economy hasn't crashed already is precisely because there are so few people "in the know". People like your bankers and oil traders represent a very small percentage of the population (well under the 1% being discussed here), and they are using that knowledge to drive all of their weaker competition off of the trading floor.


Regardless of the percentage of the population they represent, I believe that they represent at least some two-figure percentage of the collective ability to move the market out there; perhaps more. There's no way they could keep oil prices this low for this long. Additionally, the fact that low oil prices are being driven by a buildup of inventory suggests that recent price drops have been driven by S&D fundamentals, not market manipulation or speculation.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'W')hen someone like Buffett dumps a million oz of silver onto the market, everyone at the exchange knows it. What does he care if he loses a million dollars, when his sell triggers a panic sell and drives the price lower? The smaller traders get squeezed out, and he comes right back in and buys all of his silver back (and everyone else's) at a discount.

I'm not quite sure what you're getting at, but with the help of a good investment bank or brokerage firm, all anybody knows is that there's a lot of silver going up for sale- maybe from 50,000 retail investors, or maybe from a mutual fund like Vanguard.

You have to remember that the vast majority of people trading oil have been pros so far. A 1000 barrel contract on the NYMEX costs ~$60,000, and that's probably going to take at least a several-thousand-dollar margin. Commissions aren't cheap, either. IIRC, every trade on the NYMEX still goes through somebody making an open-outcry trade on the floor of the exchange.

If everyone entered the market with what Buffett knows, what do you think that would do to the price of our example commodity?

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'W')hat about bonds? If the individual bond-holders actually understood the mechanism of fiat currency, how quickly do you think they would divest?

We've had fiat currency for over thirty years, and inflations run around 4-5%. Why do you think this rate of inflation is going to change, and why do you think that an Econ/Math PhD out there would get this wrong?

I do agree that inflation's going to go back to averaging 4-5%; possibly more. Does this mean that people buying bonds right now are totally stupid? I think we have to remember that 30-year gov't bonds don't work like CDs. It's not like you put $1000 in today and get $1000*(1.048)^30 out in 30 years. The reality is that you get a series of semiannual coupon payments. (I'm guessing you might already know this, but whether or not you do, it's important to talk about this when we talk about stability in the bond market), and a final principal repayment in 30 years.

So imagine that you have a 1000 year bond. You discover, to your dismay, that there's going to be 50,000% inflation in the last month of the last year you own your bond- so that principal repayment you're expecting is worthless! So now, all you have is basically this annuity that lasts for 1000 years, paying-say 5%. The total value of this annuity is a perpetuity today minus the present value of a perpetuity starting in 1000 years. Discounting the future value to today and subtracting it from the original value, the value is roughly (100-(6*10^-20))% of what it was originally. Thus, for longer-term bonds, the principal don't make up most of the value. In fact, cash flows that are too far out into the future don't make up much value, either.

I know the Fed doesn't issue 1000 year bonds, but the point is that even with a 30 year bond, if the same thing happened and it was yielding 4.8%, it'd still keep around 80% of its value. The point is that the annuity attached to the bond helps to moderate price swings. If the 30-year's yield goes to 10%, it's not exactly going to cause a financial meltdown. (It might if everybody was invested in zero-coupon bonds that worked more like CDs... It also might if everybody had Option ARMs; I'd be more worried about mortgagees causing financial problems than the bond market running into trouble)

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'H')ow quickly would you divest if you knew that any potential interest earnings (as well as a good portion of your principle) would be wiped out by the resulting inflation? Would anyone actually buy a government bond if it said "I.O.U." on it, instead of "Full faith and credit"?
If I knew for certain that I could beat everyone else to market, I'd sell immediately. Otherwise, I'd wait a little. The market almost always overreacts to everything initially and bounces back. Thank goodness our politicians are in the pockets of powerful lobbyists and rich investors! They've got a vested interest in making sure the government doesn't do anything stupid to devalue bonds or weaken the wealthy's purchasing power. Thus, I'd conclude that the market had overreacted and that bonds and cash were worth at least a Continental (BTW, all Continentals were eventually repaid at face value by the early federal government- at the lobbying of wealthy investors, no less!).


$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'N')o, the economy persists because of the total ignorance of the masses.
A "collapse" paradigmer claiming that the economy is currently running only on stupidity/ignorance is sorta like a cornucopian claiming that the economy can run forever on "love" or "pot". If the economy is currently running on ignorance, it would have collapsed long ago.

Additionally, the economy is controlled by professionals, not "the masses". In reality, I've seen studies that suggest that over 60% of the various equities positions (some of the easiest positions for "the masses"- AKA retail investors- to take) out there are controlled by professionals, with them often investing on a proprietary basis. At the same time, retail investors are still getting a much better deal in terms of investing than they were getting 25 years ago, but that's another discussion.

So I disagree; if the economy is currently running on "ignorance", the brightest financial minds in America are totally wrong. These guys are keenly aware of Peak Oil. They likely have quantitative IQs that reach 200, and are probably smarter than anyone on this forum. They probably realize that only God, a perfect being with more computational power than a Turing Machine performing an infinite number of operations per second and more wisdom than every person who ever lived combined, could engineer a "panic" that lasted two months. The one thing they don't do is get obsessed with conspiracy theories that they find meritless. I think that's why they reach a different conclusion than these forums. Assuming they've accepted Peak Oil (and I think they have), they may have concluded that there's a market solution to it.

I find it funny that people thought the world was going to end and that the DOW was going to tank coming out of 1982- right before it experienced a geometrically-averaged 15% rate of growth for the next seven years. People will be worrying "The end is near" all the way until the DJIA hits 15,000. To be fair, when people stop warning about a collapse, I'll know it's probably time to look for a good excuse in terms of economic data to buy gold.
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby Tyler_JC » Sat 14 Oct 2006, 12:13:15

If I was in charge, I would issue the 1000-year bond and only the 1000 year bond. That way when Jesus comes back at Y3K, He can take care of our debt situation. :-D

If I am not mistaken, much of the US Federal Government's debt is now much shorter term than in previous years.

The elimiation of the 30-bond for the first half of this decade forced the government to sell shorter term debt, right?

So what happens when all of those bonds come to maturity and have to be "refinanced" at higher rates?

The US is likely to see debt interest as a % of the federal budget explode in coming years, assuming that we don't have rampant inflation that takes a digit off the adjusted national debt.
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Re: A Discussion of Long-Term Debt

Unread postby MrBill » Sun 15 Oct 2006, 04:33:58

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Tyler_JC', 'I')f I was in charge, I would issue the 1000-year bond and only the 1000 year bond. That way when Jesus comes back at Y3K, He can take care of our debt situation. :-D

If I am not mistaken, much of the US Federal Government's debt is now much shorter term than in previous years.

The elimiation of the 30-bond for the first half of this decade forced the government to sell shorter term debt, right?

So what happens when all of those bonds come to maturity and have to be "refinanced" at higher rates?

The US is likely to see debt interest as a % of the federal budget explode in coming years, assuming that we don't have rampant inflation that takes a digit off the adjusted national debt.



See Brad Setser's blog, that is exactly what is happening. The USA is having to pay higher interest rates now on its debt to roll it over and that is exacerbating the current account deficit as the US pays that interest abroad not to its own citizens for example. Another net outflow of capital, which then has to be replaced by issuing yet more debt. I do not remember the exact figure, but something like an extra $50 billion in interest this year that needs to be paid.
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