by MrBill » Thu 30 Mar 2006, 08:03:44
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('CARVER', 'M')rBill, doesn't comparative advantage only work if capital doesn't become mobile as well? So that we have to choose between freedom of movement of capital or of goods, we can't have both and still derive the benefits of international trade?
Comparative advantage means that we each choose to do what we're good at, or what we want to do, or what we can do, and then we trade the goods & services we have for the ones we want.
For example, you can go to work or you can stay home and clean your house. You may be good at both. But you cannot do both. Therefore, if you choose to go to work, you have to pay someone else to clean your house. It does not matter that you are better than them at cleaning, what matters is that you earn more going to work than staying at home to clean your house.
Mobility of capital works on several different levels simultaneously. On one level primary deposits are collected at the local level, through your Sparkasse or Caisse Depot, and are re-lent locally. If there are surplus funds leftover to lend, the bank or financial institution may lend those funds to other banks via the Interbank market. They may have only credit limits set-up for other Dutch banks or they may have also limits set-up for Brazilian banks, too. If they have limits for a Turkish bank, then those surplus local funds may end up in Turkey. If not, they may go to another Dutch bank and stay in Holland.
Now a certain percentage of funds does goes looking for the highest yields possible. They may find those yields in Turkey or Brazil or somewhere else? But, of course, the higher the yield the higher the potential risk of default. The person or company or bank that borrows from the local Dutch Bank has a liability to repay. If they lend that money somewhere else and lose it they still have to repay that liability.
So funds do not always go to where they earn the most interest. Capital security matters to individuals, companies and banks as well. Sometimes we forgo potential profits or higher yields to maintain a steady or predictable risk profile. In this respect some cash in the system is sticky. It is not mobile at all. Current accounts that pay next to nothing in terms of interest are still a better alternative to losing money in a risky investment. And a certain percent of site deposits remains in a bank or deposited with the central bank that earns no interest.
However, cost of production is determined by labor, land, capital and intellectual property or know how as well as how efficiently those factors are combined. So a company or a country can compete on their own comparative advantage depending on what they have a surplus of in terms of labor, land, capital or intellectual property. They do not need an absolute advantage only a comparative advantage. So for example, as we said, you cannot go to work and stay home and clean your house and neither can a country's workers simultaneously produce crops and manufacture goods using the same workers, the same land, the same capital and the same know how, so they have to chose which it is going to be? Grow crops or work in a factory? Build container ships or design software?
Flow of capital from savers to borrowers and from investors to risk takers may help a country decide to substitute more capital for less labor, and, of course, a dearth of inward foreign investment might necessitate a country use more labor and less capital. They are not mutually exclusive. China for instance combines high technology with cheap labor to bridge the divide between full automation and manual assembly. Due to high labor costs in Germany, this is not a cost effective option, so they are forced to use more capital and less labor in their manufacturing.
A well-educated workforce and a diversified economy means that a country, company or individuals can switch effortlessly or with less disruption from one economic activity to another depending on their perceived view of which activity will bring the highest economic return. A one industry town or country lacking basic infrastructure may not be as flexible and therefore is much more vulnerable to economic disruption.
This is the point that Late Starter made about not giving up all your manufacturing know-how. Or never trade away your core competencies.
So comparative advantage can be influenced by capital flows, but they are not mutually exclusive.
The organized state is a wonderful invention whereby everyone can live at someone else's expense.