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The Carry Trade

General discussions of the systemic, societal and civilisational effects of depletion.

Re: The Carry Trade

Postby DantesPeak » Thu 25 Aug 2005, 23:53:55

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('jimmydean', 'G')uys as a side newbie question what protections are there against other nation governments simply printing currency and buying $USD? With China's huge trade surplus printing a few more $billion Yuan and using it to buy treasuries would go almost unnoticed? By doing so they devalue their own currency but due to fixed conversion rates on the Yuan they are still laughing?



Actually, since the IMF system under which all countries participate, actually forbids a linking of a currency to a set good - such as gold - there is no formal restriction on the printing of fiat money.

There are informal restrictions, such as market forces and awareness, and sometimes, like the US just requested from China, it asks other countries to adjust their currency or monetary policy. The G-7 meetings are one important way to synchronize policies.
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MonteQuest » Fri 26 Aug 2005, 01:13:15

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('jimmydean', 'G')uys as a side newbie question what protections are there against other nation governments simply printing currency and buying $USD? With China's huge trade surplus printing a few more $billion Yuan and using it to buy treasuries would go almost unnoticed? By doing so they devalue their own currency but due to fixed conversion rates on the Yuan they are still laughing?


The only thing that allows us to inflate our money supply like we do is the dollar hegemony. We are the world's reserve currency.

Imagine this: You are deep in debt and have very little money in the bank. But every day you write a check to cover your expenses. Your checks are worthless but they keep buying stuff because those checks you write never reach the bank. You have an agreement with the oil merchants (OPEC) that they will accept only your checks as payment for one thing everyone wants, and must have—oil.

This means everyone must hoard your checks so they can buy the oil they need. Since they have to keep a stock of your checks, they use them to buy other stuff too. You write a check to buy a TV, the TV shop owner swaps your check for oil, that seller buys some vegetables at the fruit shop, the produce man passes it on to buy bread, the baker buys some flour with it, and on it goes, round and round—but never back to the bank where it would bounce. You have generated a huge debt on your books, but so long as your checks never reach the bank, you don't have to pay. In effect, you have received your TV for free!

This is the position the U.S.A. has enjoyed for 30 years—it has been getting a free world trade ride for all that time. It has been receiving a huge subsidy from everyone else in the world. And as our debt grew, we printed more dollars (wrote more checks) to keep trading. 8O

Pretty slick deal, eh? Any questions as why we didn't want Iraq to sell their oil in euros? Or why the Iranian oil bourse coming soon is a bug up the US's arse?
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby jimmydean » Fri 26 Aug 2005, 01:33:08

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', '
')The only thing that allows us to inflate our money supply like we do is the dollar hegemony. We are the world's reserve currency.

Imagine this: You are deep in debt and have very little money in the bank. But every day you write a check to cover your expenses. Your checks are worthless but they keep buying stuff because those checks you write never reach the bank. You have an agreement with the oil merchants (OPEC) that they will accept only your checks as payment for one thing everyone wants, and must have—oil.

This means everyone must hoard your checks so they can buy the oil they need. Since they have to keep a stock of your checks, they use them to buy other stuff too. You write a check to buy a TV, the TV shop owner swaps your check for oil, that seller buys some vegetables at the fruit shop, the produce man passes it on to buy bread, the baker buys some flour with it, and on it goes, round and round—but never back to the bank where it would bounce. You have generated a huge debt on your books, but so long as your checks never reach the bank, you don't have to pay. In effect, you have received your TV for free!

This is the position the U.S.A. has enjoyed for 30 years—it has been getting a free world trade ride for all that time. It has been receiving a huge subsidy from everyone else in the world. And as our debt grew, we printed more dollars (wrote more checks) to keep trading. 8O

Pretty slick deal, eh? Any questions as why we didn't want Iraq to sell their oil in euros? Or why the Iranian oil bourse coming soon is a bug up the US's arse?


In effect we are IOU'ing everything. The sorcery of FED print, foreigners buying our debt (belief in repay/security), individuals financing/spending beyond income levels (belief that income will improve) is keeping this cycle going.

I wonder if the FED has masterminded this (for a plan yet unseen) OR the foreign powers are gaining control since we owe them so much. As stated on other threads if foreigners start redeeming our debt the economy is going to fall apart (cycle ends). We are left with a crippled economy while foreign nations are left with real assets, cheap labour and can still continue in some form.

So what prevents the Chinese government from printing Yuan and buying treasuries further increasing our liability, short-term keeping their currency low but long-term they have a lever against us?
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby neo » Fri 26 Aug 2005, 04:06:32

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', '
')Ah, you missed the point of this thread altogether. The carry trade. You can borrow short term from Japan at almost zero interest and buy long-term bonds in the US at 4.18%. Pocket the difference.


I heard somebody did this in 90s and made millions of dollars. US interest was like 7-8% back then while the Japanese had 1% interest for loan. It's like a sure bet; I wonder why not everybody is doing that.
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby CARVER » Fri 26 Aug 2005, 09:02:11

The European Central Bank (ECB) has the following objective:

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', ' ')The primary objective of the ECB’s monetary policy is to maintain price stability. The ECB aims at inflation rates of below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.


For this they have agreed that money creation should never exceed 4,5%. And even this 4,5% is only allowed when the economy grows at a rate of (at least) 3%. However to fight off a recession the creation of money has been on an average of 7% a year over the last couple of years. Last month it was even 7.9%, while the economy grows only like 1% (on average). Yet in the same years the inflation/CPI figures have averaged below the 2%, so it seems they have achieved their primary objective, but we know how these figures are manipulated. We are also being encouraged to take low interest loans and spend money to kick-start the economy. We also have a housing bubble (and a stock market bubble). It does not appear to be doing the trick, it's just delaying the inevitable (that is what it looks like to me).

It does not seem to me that the EU is doing a lot better than the US. When the USD tanks the EURO might not be far behind, what do you think?
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MrBean » Fri 26 Aug 2005, 09:32:04

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('CARVER', 'T')he European Central Bank (ECB) has the following objective:

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', ' ')The primary objective of the ECB’s monetary policy is to maintain price stability. The ECB aims at inflation rates of below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.


For this they have agreed that money creation should never exceed 4,5%. And even this 4,5% is only allowed when the economy grows at a rate of (at least) 3%. However to fight off a recession the creation of money has been on an average of 7% a year over the last couple of years. Last month it was even 7.9%, while the economy grows only like 1% (on average). Yet in the same years the inflation/CPI figures have averaged below the 2%, so it seems they have achieved their primary objective, but we know how these figures are manipulated. We are also being encouraged to take low interest loans and spend money to kick-start the economy. We also have a housing bubble (and a stock market bubble). It does not appear to be doing the trick, it's just delaying the inevitable (that is what it looks like to me).

It does not seem to me that the EU is doing a lot better than the US. When the USD tanks the EURO might not be far behind, what do you think?


Hard to say, the magnitude of the problem is not even close to US as there's no petroeuro recycling, Eurozone has very strong export sector and debt situation is not as alarming.

Would be interesting know how euro-inflation is calculated, is it manipulated as badly as US CPI? There certainly is lot of inflation felt after the switch from national currencies to euro.
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MonteQuest » Sat 27 Aug 2005, 03:13:58

Alan has spoken...don't count your chickens just yet. 8)

On Bloomberg today:
Greenspan Says Fed Paying Attention to Asset Prices

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '`')`Such an increase in market value is too often viewed by market participants as structural and permanent,'' Greenspan, who is scheduled to retire as Fed chairman in January, said. ``History has not dealt kindly with the aftermath of protracted periods of low risk premiums.''


Translation: Don't count on your house always going up in value.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '`')`We have a housing valuation issue,'' said Kurt Karl, chief U.S. economist at Swiss Reinsurance in New York, in an interview. ``The time is now for raising interest rates and defusing these problems potentially by slowing down the economy a bit and avoiding a big necessary increase later and a consequential recession.''

Karl expects the Fed to raise the target rate to 4.5 percent, from the current 3.5 percent, by the middle of 2006 before stopping. ``There is a risk that they will go beyond 4.5 percent,'' he said.

I said 4.75 to 5.5% in my initial post.

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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MonteQuest » Thu 03 Nov 2005, 20:45:11

In my initial post I stated:

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I')f nothing “breaks”, and energy prices continue to fuel inflation, I think we can expect short-term rates in 2006 around 4.75 to 5.5%, or higher.


It is now 4%. Many economists are now predicting the Fed will bump up rates at its next session on Dec. 13, as well as on Jan. 31. Some analysts also are calling for a rate increase on March 28, which would be the first presided over by Helicopter Bernanke.

The 10-year bond is at 4.6%. So much for the Carry Trade. Greenspan and the Fed recognize that they created the carry trade. It was a consequence of their desire to stimulate the economy with lower rates. They also recognized the dangers of those trades unwinding quickly, forcing funds and traders to sell in order to meet minimum cash requirements.

The carry trade was so massive that the FED was afraid to raise short-term rates more than 25 basis points. We could now see 50 basis points raises to curb the inflation fears. The money supply has already been ramped up.
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby actionreplay » Sat 05 Nov 2005, 14:32:33

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Kez', ' ') Why would anyone buy a 10 year note for a measly 4%? You can get 3.30% in a savings account right now and have access to the cash within 24 hours. They need to raise the rate to encourage savings and to force credit card addicts to cut back. Plus they need a better payback to continue to get the foreign investment money flowing into the system.


Ah, you missed the point of this thread altogether. The carry trade. You can borrow short term from Japan at almost zero interest and buy long-term bonds in the US at 4.18%. Pocket the difference.


I thought the standard finance theory on this type of arbitrage was that the exchange rate changes pretty quickly to neutralise such opportunities, as investors rush in to capitalise on this.

The short v. long term rate arb trade is interesting though. Haven't heard of this before. I guess you are saying when this source of free money for "sub-prime" lending (ie high-risk) dries up, that will be the end of "easy credit"?
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MonteQuest » Sat 05 Nov 2005, 16:17:17

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('actionreplay', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Kez', ' ') Why would anyone buy a 10 year note for a measly 4%? You can get 3.30% in a savings account right now and have access to the cash within 24 hours. They need to raise the rate to encourage savings and to force credit card addicts to cut back. Plus they need a better payback to continue to get the foreign investment money flowing into the system.


Ah, you missed the point of this thread altogether. The carry trade. You can borrow short term from Japan at almost zero interest and buy long-term bonds in the US at 4.18%. Pocket the difference.


I thought the standard finance theory on this type of arbitrage was that the exchange rate changes pretty quickly to neutralise such opportunities, as investors rush in to capitalise on this.

The short v. long term rate arb trade is interesting though. Haven't heard of this before. I guess you are saying when this source of free money for "sub-prime" lending (ie high-risk) dries up, that will be the end of "easy credit"?


The banks will no longer be able to profit from the carry trade, thus interest rates will rise to offset the loss in revenues. Also, the Fed will be more likely to be "restrictive" than "accomodating" and will raise the prime 50 basis points rather than 25.

So, yes, the easy credit days are numbered.
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby frankthetank » Sat 05 Nov 2005, 19:19:15

I was just talking to my brother who refinanced his house (into a fixed rate) @ 4.875 a few months ago. Looks like he might as well pay minimum payments and stick the rest in a money market (the highest currently being 4.1, but should rise more)...
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby cube » Sat 05 Nov 2005, 19:36:51

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('neo', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', '
')Ah, you missed the point of this thread altogether. The carry trade. You can borrow short term from Japan at almost zero interest and buy long-term bonds in the US at 4.18%. Pocket the difference.

I heard somebody did this in 90s and made millions of dollars. US interest was like 7-8% back then while the Japanese had 1% interest for loan. It's like a sure bet; I wonder why not everybody is doing that.


Q: I wonder why not everybody is doing that.

A: When viewed in hindsight it always looks so obvious and easy.

What's the old saying? "Anyone can call all the shots of monday night footbal on a tuesday night." :-D
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby actionreplay » Sun 06 Nov 2005, 18:38:07

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('cube', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('neo', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', '
')Ah, you missed the point of this thread altogether. The carry trade. You can borrow short term from Japan at almost zero interest and buy long-term bonds in the US at 4.18%. Pocket the difference.

I heard somebody did this in 90s and made millions of dollars. US interest was like 7-8% back then while the Japanese had 1% interest for loan. It's like a sure bet; I wonder why not everybody is doing that.


Q: I wonder why not everybody is doing that.

A: When viewed in hindsight it always looks so obvious and easy.

What's the old saying? "Anyone can call all the shots of monday night footbal on a tuesday night." :-D


Actually this is the textbook theory of FX rate fluctuation - changes in FX are caused by differences in interest rates. Once someone notices the above, they buy that currency, pushing up the demand, and hence the price. if you get there first you get the money, but there are plenty of pro FX dealers who make their money doing this - exploiting currency/interest rate arbitrage opportunities...

However, they may have been other reasons at the time why this didn't happen at the time discussed above (I believe that keeping yen deposits with Japanes banks, for example, actually cost money - ie they charged you interest - due to the deflation, for example), but usually in that case there are good reasons to be careful!
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MrBill » Mon 07 Nov 2005, 10:30:19

The carry trade only works when

a ) you take on interest-rate gap risk (i.e. borrow short & lend long)
b ) you take on credit risk (i.e. interbank borrowing & lending to corporates)
c ) you take on FX risk (i.e. borrow in yen & lend in dollars)

What may look like a risk free trade to you can be fraught with risk, especially if many others are attempting this arbitrage at the same time. For example, borrowing USD at low interest rates and investing in high growth Asia (the Asian currency crisis in 1996/97; borrowing in USD and investing in high yield local currency markets (the Russian currency crisis in 1998); or borrowing in USD and investing in low grade debt (i.e. the Argentine default in 2001).

Many companies lost money when they borrowed in yen because the interest rate was lower than in dollars, but then they had to repay back stronger yen with depreciated dollars. The dollar has lost 40% of its value against a basket of currencies since 1987 (yen, Sterling, Swiss franc and the legacy currencies of the euro).

One inadvertent affect of the cheap interest policy of the US and the carry trade is that many traders borrowed USD to invest in emerging markets and then sub-investment grade corporate debt markets (i.e. junk bonds) As yields decreased investors took on more leverage and invested in risky assets classes, but drove down yields in these markets as well,
and now we are seeing those trades come undone as traders rebalance their portfolios.

But, by the way, I do not see how this is a Peak Oil discussion? Most of the points made are not even accurate (links or no links if they are not from reliable sources). I read a lot of conspiracy theories. A lot of conjecture. Most of the comments demonstrate a lack of knowlege of capital markets & finance. Therefore they are of no value in planning for a post-Peak Oil economy IMHO?
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MonteQuest » Tue 08 Nov 2005, 19:15:32

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', 'B')ut, by the way, I do not see how this is a Peak Oil discussion?


Tied to it in my initial post:

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I')f nothing “breaks”, and energy prices continue to fuel inflation, I think we can expect short-term rates in 2006 around 4.75 to 5.5%, or higher.


The forum is for discussion related to the economics ramifications of hydrocarbon depletion. And if rising energy costs fueling inflation is not a ramification, I don't know what is.

It is what peakoil is all about. This is a precursor.
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby spot5050 » Tue 08 Nov 2005, 21:01:08

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', 'I')n June of 2003, Greenspan slashed the federal funds rate to 1 percent and vowed to keep it there. Banks loved this, as historically, it allowed them to use their credit to borrow money at low rates and then put it into higher-return investments like mortgages, or lending to consumers through credit cards. Of course, these types of loans exposed the lender to ever increasing credit risks as the housing bubble expanded to include the less credit-worthy and private household debt increased. A borrower can default or get into trouble. So it was easier for the banks to lend money to—or buy the debt of—a borrower who will never default, such as the federal government.

And it's easiest of all when you can buy that risk-free debt with money that's essentially free. This, in essence, is the carry trade. The carry trade depends on a nice, steady interest rate for short-term borrowing. A bank borrows money at the federal funds rate of 1 percent, then uses it to buy a security like the 10-year Treasury bond, which, in 2003, yielded around 4 percent. The bank paid the minuscule 1% interest every day, and then collected the quarterly interest payments on the Treasury securities. When the difference between short and long-term rates is great— that is to say when the yield curve is steep—this strategy is practically a free money printing machine.

Now enter the summer of 2005. The FED has raised the federal funds rate to 3.5% (the tenth consecutive quarter-point rate hike) while the 10 year bond is now about 4.18%. There are all indications that the federal funds rate will reach 4-4.25% by years end. What Greenspan calls the “removal of excess accommodation.”

If nothing “breaks”, and energy prices continue to fuel inflation, I think we can expect short-term rates in 2006 around 4.75 to 5.5%, or higher.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '"')It looks like we will have quarter of a point increases for the rest of our natural lives or the next recession, whichever comes first. The Fed has not shown an ability to engineer a soft landing," said Barry Ritholtz, chief market strategist with Maxim Group, a New York-based money-management firm.


But can you imagine the impact on the carry-trade and home mortgages? Increasing rates drop the value of holding long-term instruments because you end up paying more for them, and ARMs’ push up mortgage payments. From what I have read, many experts are concerned that banks will not unwind their carry trades because it would lead to lower earnings estimates. They had better be careful. You know the old saying: you snooze, you loose.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Jim Puplava', 'O')ur economy is too leveraged. Raising the Federal funds rate to a "neutral" rate of 4 to 6% is a pipedream.


In this article, written a year ago, Jim spoke of expecting the Fed funds rate to not exceed 2%! Talk about getting over-leveraged! 8O

The Carry Trade Economy

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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MonteQuest » Tue 06 Mar 2007, 02:43:55

Since it's in the news, I thought I would bump this up.
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby Zentric » Tue 06 Mar 2007, 04:24:09

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', 'S')ince it's in the news, I thought I would bump this up.


Right. Big wall street finance houses borrowing yen at low interest, converting them to USD, and then lending these dollars out at high interest. Problem now though is that the yen has recently appreciated against the dollar, making it more expensive for the wall street houses to pay back their loans to Japan. Also a lot of the US housing loans that originated from the carry trade are now at threat of default by overextended house owners. Finally, Japan's central bank has recently hiked its interest rates, making the carry trade that much less profitable for wall street firms.

I believe these same wall street firms have been doing another similar "carry trade" - namely that they have borrowed gold at no or low cost from central banks, where the firms then sell this gold on the open market, using the receipts from these sales essentially as "free money," that is, until the central banks ask the firms to return the borrowed gold.

Does the unwinding of the yen carry trade somehow put pressure on the gold "carry trade"? I think when threatened with insolvency, the central banks will want their gold back. And if the wall street firms are then forced to purchase back the gold they borrowed at today's prices, this prospect will represent huge losses to the wall street firms, and a simultaneous boom in the price of gold.

So if this analysis is worth anything, either gold will soon rally hard, get selectively confiscated, or will somehow crash in value, in a manner that would conveniently appease the needs of the wall street finance houses.
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby MrBill » Tue 06 Mar 2007, 04:29:41

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MonteQuest', 'S')ince it's in the news, I thought I would bump this up.


Yes it is in the news, it is interesting and it is important, but what does it have to do with post peak oil resource depletion economics? As soon as you post it then we have to listen to goldbugs like Zentric go off again on their favorite conspiracy theme? And if you wrote about the yen carry trade in 2005, you were about 7-8 years too late. The Japanese were borrowing yen to buy gold back in 1998 already! ; - ))
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Re: The Carry Trade

Postby Zentric » Tue 06 Mar 2007, 04:45:45

My apologies for the intrusion, Mr. Bill. But I've heard so much talk of the central banks lending their gold to the wall street firms for the purpose that I've just described in my post above. Is this a myth or the 'conspiracy' of which you speak? I always want to make sure I have my facts straight.
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