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Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby nero » Tue 18 Apr 2006, 23:58:49

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('ElijahJones', 'A')nd no I do not believe that the mathematics for modeling human social systems is yet to be invented, it already exists. The problem is that a clearer understanding of what's going on with the economy requires increased accountability and reporting. That's where the wolf is sleeping my friends.


The key problem with economic analysis is the data collection. It is fundamentally unsound to rely on data from governmental sources that may exert a bias and it is very expensive to collect hard data yourself.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby killJOY » Wed 19 Apr 2006, 06:11:35

I've quoted this before, but it's worth quoting again.

Skeptic magazine says this about economics as a "science":

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Steven Bratman', '
')If the hard sciences are problematic, one wonders whether there is any rational reason to favor any conclusions drawn by the soft sciences. Consider economics. An economy is a complex system with multiple interlocking variables and a great range of natural variation, much like a human body. Because it isn't possible to change just one variable in an economy, nor to try an experiment twice by starting an identical society under new rules, economic analysis is really the equivalent of observational evidence (economic records) combined with plausible reasoning (an economic model). In medicine we have seen that observational evidence combined with plausible reason can lead to conclusions that are the exact opposite of truth. [!]
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby Doly » Wed 19 Apr 2006, 08:03:07

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Steven Bratman', '
')Because it isn't possible to change just one variable in an economy, nor to try an experiment twice by starting an identical society under new rules, economic analysis is really the equivalent of observational evidence (economic records) combined with plausible reasoning (an economic model). In medicine we have seen that observational evidence combined with plausible reason can lead to conclusions that are the exact opposite of truth.


Don't insult medicine by suggesting that it's anywhere as unscientific as economics! :x

Medicine has produced some admirable results in the last century. Life expectancy has significantly improved. Can economists say that the economy is significantly better from following their advice? Let's just say that the evidence is doubtful.

What's even worse, when medicine uses scientific tools, such as statistics, they take care to use them properly (carefully choose subjects so they are representative, double-blind studies, etc).

What about economics? You'd expect that, money being essentially numbers, their maths would be sound. I've been reading lately economics textbooks and, as a mathematician, I'm scandalized. They use nineteen-century maths and generalize with abandon, ignoring well-known results that prove that those generalizations are invalid. Very few economists are even considering applying chaos theory, when it's the obvious choice.

To give a relevant example, I read in an advanced economic textbook a model of how dwindling resources would affect growth. The model was ultra-basic and was analysed using 19th century maths. The results were predictably lame: it couldn't explain how oil prices could have gone down during the nineties to lower levels than before the seventies adjusting for inflation. The funny thing is that the authors of the "Limits to growth" books, who don't know a lot about economy, but know quite a lot about modelling, give a perfect explanation of why this happened: because there are significant delays in the oil industry between the moment when oil prices go high and the moment that new projects start pumping. The high oil prices in the seventies caused lots of new projects that went on line during the nineties.

I could go on rambling, but that's enough for a start.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby emailking » Wed 19 Apr 2006, 08:59:57

If the implication is that macroeconomics is chaotic, then it doesn't make much sense to make predictions. Economics would be reduced to evaluating the past and present, or at best forcasting trends.

Whether or not I withdraw $1 from my bank account could be the difference between 20 more good years or complete global collapse within 5. That's chaos theory!
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby killJOY » Wed 19 Apr 2006, 09:19:05

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Doly', 'D')on't insult medicine by suggesting that it's anywhere as unscientific as economics


Your point is well taken. The brief quote doesn't do justice to the article.

The quotation is out of context, and the article is not available on line.

Mr Bratman was researching pseudo-medicine and the Placebo
Effect. He used the economics question as an illustration of just how difficult it is to arrive at scientifically sound conclusions.

I remember one study he cited: some patients were offered "surgery" for knee pain that actually didn't actually do anything, yet patients reported they had "improved."

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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby Doly » Wed 19 Apr 2006, 09:48:14

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('killJOY', '
')Mr Bratman was researching pseudo-medicine and the Placebo
Effect. He used the economics question as an illustration of just how difficult it is to arrive at scientifically sound conclusions.


Point accepted. But my main point was that the majority of economists aren't even trying hard enough to arrive at scientifically sound conclusions.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby Falconoffury » Wed 19 Apr 2006, 10:30:04

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'M')edicine has produced some admirable results in the last century.


Yes, but medicine has done some very sleazy things over the past decade. They make up diseases, prescribe drugs for side effects of other drugs, prescribed for the side effects of other drugs, prescribed for the side effects of other drugs, ad infinitum. They have completely abandoned natural cures that work because they can't get patents. Medicine wants everyone to be on drugs, alive but sick all the time. It has turned into a huge scam.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby MountainHiker » Wed 19 Apr 2006, 23:37:12

Jay Hanson has a number of essays at dieoff.org that pretty much demolish the basis of modern economic theory.

A few years back I was an adjunct professor of physical geography and earth sciences at a city college and I shared an office with several other part-timers, including a business 101 prof. One day he left a test in the office so I decided to give it a read. It busted me up. It was multiple choice and the correct answer to every question was the most "pro-business" answer you could come up with. For example, Profits are: the reward for being an entrepreneur.

Coming from a scientific background, and having never ventured into the business realm during my college days, I found this hilarious. Rather than teaching with deduction and rational analysis, it seemed like nothing more than positive reinforcement. I got a double laugh when I thought of all those whiny conservative talking heads who bitch and moan about colleges being liberal brainwashing institutions. Just like the so-called corporate liberal media...suuurrrre it is.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby darren » Sun 23 Apr 2006, 10:45:35

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MountainHiker', 'J')ay Hanson has a number of essays at dieoff.org that pretty much demolish the basis of modern economic theory.

A few years back I was an adjunct professor of physical geography and earth sciences at a city college and I shared an office with several other part-timers, including a business 101 prof. One day he left a test in the office so I decided to give it a read. It busted me up. It was multiple choice and the correct answer to every question was the most "pro-business" answer you could come up with. For example, Profits are: the reward for being an entrepreneur.

Coming from a scientific background, and having never ventured into the business realm during my college days, I found this hilarious. Rather than teaching with deduction and rational analysis, it seemed like nothing more than positive reinforcement. I got a double laugh when I thought of all those whiny conservative talking heads who bitch and moan about colleges being liberal brainwashing institutions. Just like the so-called corporate liberal media...suuurrrre it is.


1. I have an MA in Economics. There is much to criticize in the discipline, particularly its "pseudo-rigorous" use of mathematics. It doesn't get better at the graduate level, it gets worse. I have no argument with Doly.... but there *is* some value in economics if you know where to look.
2. Jay Hansen knows less than nothing about modern economics, or anything else as far as I can tell. He is a raving, incoherent crank. Period.
3. A "Bus 101" course has very little to do with "economics". Comparing that Bus 101 test to real economics is like comparing a paper airplane and a 747.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby MrBill » Mon 24 Apr 2006, 06:35:03

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'M')any times I have heard economic arguments that focus only on two or three important indicators and draw very broad conclusions about the economy and its future. The fallacy here is in not understanding the importance of related rates and feedback loops in complex systems.


Many times, in fact everyday on PO, I hear economic arguments that focus on only one or two indicators, important or not, and their very broad conclusions drawn about the (mainly US) economy and its future (or lack there of as the case may be). The fallacy there is in not understanding the importance of related rates and feedback loops in complex economic or financial systems because their authors understand neither basic economics nor basic finance.

Therefore, the thread could have easily been headlined, The Logical Fallacy in Some non-Economic Analyses, or not? Do all 'hard' scientific theories bear the test of time? Are all medical cures without harmful side effects even if improperly prescribed or taken improperly by the patient? Do bridges and dams not occasionally collapse due to false assumptions coupled with wrong material choices? Are sciences like weather forecasting more prone to errors than studying organisms under the microscope because the practioner is incompetent or because the future is more uncertain than a labratory?

Or maybe it lies in the final interpretation? When someone says something has a 99% chance of not happening, do some think it will never happen or does everyone think that on average it will happen 3-4 times per year and if the sample period has fat tails that it may even happen 6-7 times within a one year period because the sample period may be irregular? I don't know?

All I know is that if you cannot convince 'ordinary' people that certain behaviors are bad for them despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, how do you bring them by the finer points of an argument involving probabilities, especially using fuzzy data because hard data is non-existant in some cases? You tell me?
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby MrBill » Mon 24 Apr 2006, 08:15:14

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Doly', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Steven Bratman', '
')Because it isn't possible to change just one variable in an economy, nor to try an experiment twice by starting an identical society under new rules, economic analysis is really the equivalent of observational evidence (economic records) combined with plausible reasoning (an economic model). In medicine we have seen that observational evidence combined with plausible reason can lead to conclusions that are the exact opposite of truth.


Don't insult medicine by suggesting that it's anywhere as unscientific as economics! :x

Medicine has produced some admirable results in the last century. Life expectancy has significantly improved. Can economists say that the economy is significantly better from following their advice? Let's just say that the evidence is doubtful.

What's even worse, when medicine uses scientific tools, such as statistics, they take care to use them properly (carefully choose subjects so they are representative, double-blind studies, etc).

What about economics? You'd expect that, money being essentially numbers, their maths would be sound. I've been reading lately economics textbooks and, as a mathematician, I'm scandalized. They use nineteen-century maths and generalize with abandon, ignoring well-known results that prove that those generalizations are invalid. Very few economists are even considering applying chaos theory, when it's the obvious choice.

To give a relevant example, I read in an advanced economic textbook a model of how dwindling resources would affect growth. The model was ultra-basic and was analysed using 19th century maths. The results were predictably lame: it couldn't explain how oil prices could have gone down during the nineties to lower levels than before the seventies adjusting for inflation. The funny thing is that the authors of the "Limits to growth" books, who don't know a lot about economy, but know quite a lot about modelling, give a perfect explanation of why this happened: because there are significant delays in the oil industry between the moment when oil prices go high and the moment that new projects start pumping. The high oil prices in the seventies caused lots of new projects that went on line during the nineties.

I could go on rambling, but that's enough for a start.


Sorry Doly, not to pick on you specifically because I think you are all full of shit!

So what are you doing with your high level maths background? IT support? Why are you not working for some investment bank in London doing mathmetical modelling of interest rates and foreign exchange, and outperforming all those know-nothing idiots that have not got a clue? At least writing some scientific papers pointing out these other authors flaws?

I cannot say? I have always struggled with maths myself. Any standardized test I have ever taken (SAT-equivalencies or GMAT), I have always consistantly scored in the bottom 50-percentile. Who cares? I have a Statistics for Management & Economics textbook, which with an Excel spreadsheet has all the computing power I need to churn out multi-regression analysis and back test my models. More than 90% of any nineteenth or twentieth century mathmetician and a lot faster too. You do not have to be an Einstein these days.

Interpreting the models and understanding the underlying assumptions is more important that being able to build them or to be able to speak in equations, especially if you happen to be visually oriented and prefer graphs and charts.

A few years ago I had to evaluate a few PhD's quantitative models for predicting foreign exchange rates. I did not look at their math I looked at their underlying assumptions. Too few observations and a readily apparent autocorrelation made their model prone to directional errors, and their use of historical quarterly data made their model hopelessly out of date for predictions about future rates. For example, they used 5-years worth of quarterly data, which is only twenty observation periods, and was not long enough to encompass both bull and bear trends. And they looked at currency pairs like USD/CHF, USD/ITL, USD/DEM, USD/FFR, USD/NLG, etc., which are not independent, but were serially correlated as during the observation period those currencies traded as DEM/ITL, DEM/FFR, DEM/NLG, etc. and therefore moved together along with USD/DEM or USD/CHF if you will.

Their model was junk. Not because their maths were wrong, but because they did not understand the underlying market they were looking at and how it operates. That is the problem with most academics and it takes a practioner to point out their errors. Even one as dumb as I am. However, until you have a PhD in academia you do not exist as far as professors are concerned. That is why when I publish it is always with another doctorate. Otherwise I cannot get into top tier journals.

Oh, and by the way, most medical doctors are also useless. They also cannot experiment on live patients and do double blind experiments. And they are the last to admit they made a mistake. Any research is usually done in research hospitals and by drug companies not your average GP off the street. My sister is a pharmacist and she catches so many prescription errors all the time. Like heart medicines and blood thinners taken together that would cause patients to internally bleed to death. Not to mention expensive medications that could be replaced by drinking more water, or controlling certain conditions through diet and excercise rather than by popping pills.

The best advice I can give you is be your own doctor, lawyer, accountant and banker, as if you cannot catch the errors of the professionals or specialists they will make them and you will be no better off and often a lot worse.

p.s. Levitt & co. Freakanomics was an amusing one-time read. Nothing new. Nothing revolutionary. The South Beach Diet for the non-initiated.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby Doly » Mon 24 Apr 2006, 08:15:15

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Do all 'hard' scientific theories bear the test of time?


Certainly not. But the accuracy of hard sciences is several orders of magnitude greater than economics. Official GDP and inflation forecasts have been tested against the prediction that GDP/inflation would stay the same, and found that the forecast wasn't significantly better than the simplistic prediction.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Are all medical cures without harmful side effects even if improperly prescribed or taken improperly by the patient?


Again, certainly not. But all medicines prescribed by a doctor have been proved to be better than placebo. Which is more than any economist can claim.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Do bridges and dams not occasionally collapse due to false assumptions coupled with wrong material choices?


Yes. But a hell of a lot less often than the economy collapses.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Are sciences like weather forecasting more prone to errors than studying organisms under the microscope because the practioner is incompetent or because the future is more uncertain than a laboratory?


I admit freely that non-experimental sciences, such as astronomy or weather forecasting, are more difficult. Again, both astronomy and weather forecasting have a better record than economics.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Or maybe it lies in the final interpretation? When someone says something has a 99% chance of not happening, do some think it will never happen or does everyone think that on average it will happen 3-4 times per year and if the sample period has fat tails that it may even happen 6-7 times within a one year period because the sample period may be irregular?

I agree that final interpretation is tricky. But I can't recall seeing a single economic forecast with an error margin included in it. If you've seen them, please show me. Interpretation isn't easy when you aren't even given some error margins or probabilities.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')All I know is that if you cannot convince 'ordinary' people that certain behaviors are bad for them despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, how do you bring them by the finer points of an argument involving probabilities, especially using fuzzy data because hard data is non-existant in some cases? You tell me?

Let's forget ordinary people. Can you convince an ordinary physicist or mathematician that your arguments are sound? If you can, then we'll figure out how to explain it to ordinary people.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby MrBill » Mon 24 Apr 2006, 10:02:05

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Doly', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Do all 'hard' scientific theories bear the test of time?


Certainly not. But the accuracy of hard sciences is several orders of magnitude greater than economics. Official GDP and inflation forecasts have been tested against the prediction that GDP/inflation would stay the same, and found that the forecast wasn't significantly better than the simplistic prediction.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '[')b]Answer: which some argue is because the economy has become so predictable that at least in the short term a continuation of the existing trend or a slight regression to the mean is usually the right prediction to make. That is why we so often look at past number, forecasted number and react to any divergence from the consensus number.


$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Are all medical cures without harmful side effects even if improperly prescribed or taken improperly by the patient?


Again, certainly not. But all medicines prescribed by a doctor have been proved to be better than placebo. Which is more than any economist can claim.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '[')b]Answer: How much empirical or anecdotal evidence do you need that we are better off now than we were? At least in the developed world? It is a separate argument as to whether we can maintain such standards of living in the face of declining resources, but never have so many enjoyed so much. At the very heart of productivity gains are risk management, capital markets, financial planning, trade, the modern corporation, separation/specialization of labor, etc. All made possible or aided by financial planning.


$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Do bridges and dams not occasionally collapse due to false assumptions coupled with wrong material choices?

Yes. But a hell of a lot less often than the economy collapses.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '[')b]So how often do economies collapse? Of the economies that I know of that have collapsed most were due to socialist/government interference and/or coups and undemocratic seizures of power? When was the last time any of the G7 country's economy collapsed? If you say, Weimar Germany, I will have to remind you it had nothing to do with economic predictions turning out to be wrong. Again, we have our economies so fined tuned that a mild recession or slow to low growth feels like a depression, but it isn't.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Are sciences like weather forecasting more prone to errors than studying organisms under the microscope because the practioner is incompetent or because the future is more uncertain than a laboratory?

I admit freely that non-experimental sciences, such as astronomy or weather forecasting, are more difficult. Again, both astronomy and weather forecasting have a better record than economics.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '[')b]Answer: Really? Please cite your sources.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')Or maybe it lies in the final interpretation? When someone says something has a 99% chance of not happening, do some think it will never happen or does everyone think that on average it will happen 3-4 times per year and if the sample period has fat tails that it may even happen 6-7 times within a one year period because the sample period may be irregular?

I agree that final interpretation is tricky. But I can't recall seeing a single economic forecast with an error margin included in it. If you've seen them, please show me. Interpretation isn't easy when you aren't even given some error margins or probabilities.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '[')b]Answer: That is funny, most times most times the methodology is laid out for analysis. Or are you referring to newspapers who quote research without boring the readers with the methodology?

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('MrBill', '
')All I know is that if you cannot convince 'ordinary' people that certain behaviors are bad for them despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, how do you bring them by the finer points of an argument involving probabilities, especially using fuzzy data because hard data is non-existant in some cases? You tell me?

Let's forget ordinary people. Can you convince an ordinary physicist or mathematician that your arguments are sound? If you can, then we'll figure out how to explain it to ordinary people.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '[')b]Answer: So you think supply & demand analysis is phoney? Or that higher prices do not curb demand? Or that higher prices do not encourage consumers to look for substitutes? Or that a shortage in supply does not lead to higher prices? Or that interest rate differentials do not affect exchange rates? That higher real interest rates do not curb growth? That lower real interest rates do not stimulate growth? That cost/benefit analysis is a waste of time? Ad naseum?

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '[')b]Conclusion: believe whatever you want to. Nevermind it is economic growth that funds all those research universities, and as far as I know universities pay their 'super star' Noble prize winners a lot for their contributions, and they are in fact held in high esteem by their collegues.

And that many of the gains in other pseudo-sciences have come from borrowing techniques learned from finance and economics just as finance and economics have borrowed techniques from the natural sciences.
I have no problem to read Jarrod Diamond and see the contribution he is making to understand how economies or societies work by solving pieces of the puzzle without explaining everything in some easy to understand mathmetical model.

Maybe you should get out more? Go to Egypt for example and see how a lack of hard economic analysis leads to resource misallocation and government directed waste.
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby jdmartin » Mon 24 Apr 2006, 10:27:46

In my opinion, the biggest fallacy in economics is the widespread belief that it's something mysterious and complicated, akin to "the force" from Star Wars. Of course, economic professionals, business leaders, etc perpetuate this belief, because if the cold, hard truth was able to smack people in the face it could easily start revolutions.

Two or more people trade goods or services with each other - you have an economic system. Money? An agreed-upon medium of value, sort of like "the rules" of the game. Markets? A legal gambling institution in which you hope that your bet outpaces inflation or that you can shill it off onto some other poor sucker for more than you paid. Inflation? The natural manifestation of greed (i.e., being able to charge more for something because you can) at the absolute root of the system.

There are minor variations on all of the above, and ways in which non-human factors influence the above (i.e. increasing the price of a commodity because you will shortly be physically unable to procure the item), but that is about the sum of it.

This is why it doesn't take a rocket scientist to figure out that, ultimately, without major changes to the current ways of doing things, the economy is screwed (both here in the US and eventually worldwide). There can be no economic activity without goods or services being exchanged. If "money" is the agreed-upon medium, and few people have money, then economic activity will decrease or desist. We pretend in the US that the economy is doing great by giving the Chinese, Indians, etc a little bit of money so they can exchange it for services, while the majority continue to rake in everything. Think about it - if John Doe went from making $20 at the factory to $7 at Wallyworld, his ability to participate in the economy has been reduced. He makes up for it by borrowing money from the future to continue to participate at today's level. As long as he can do that ad infinitum, he's OK. But what happens when the day comes that he can't? He effectively ceases to be part of the economy. Multiply that by hundreds of thousands of John Does and think about it.

The logical fallacy in economic analyses is that you can withdraw massive amounts of medium from the masses and maintain an effective economy that is inclusive of the overwhelming majority of the citizenry. The eventual outcome of that path is revolution, chaos and anarchy (see France 1789 & Russia 1917 for good examples).
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Re: Logical Fallacy in Some Economic Analyses

Unread postby bobcousins » Mon 24 Apr 2006, 19:36:59

I've seen this argument before that 'hard' sciences are so much better than economics and that economists are innumerate unscientific fools, but it is complete BS.

Both engineering and medicine are a lot more ad hoc than anyone thinks. There are many, many examples in both fields of techniques that have developed by trial and error. By no means do they scientifically prove everything they do - it is just not cost effective.

Science and resulting technology has excelled by concentrating on systems that behave in a fairly simple, linear fashion. When it comes to complex non-linear systems, like predicting the weather, they face the same problems that other complex systems have, like economics.
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