Ethiopia
The only African nation to steadfastly resist outright occupation by the west, Ethiopia (or Abyssinia, historically) has a cultural legacy that stretches back into ancient times, before the common era. A monarchy for most of its history, Ethiopia remained independent from the west up through the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 1800s, even defeating the Italians in the
Battle of Adowa on March 1, 1896. This stunned the entire western world, and Italy was forced to sign the
Treaty of Addis Ababa, recognizing Ethiopia as an independent state.
Unfortunately, their luck began to deteriorate in the twentieth century, where it was doomed to a dissolution of its power. Under the regime of
Haile Selassie of Ethiopia (an intriguing man), Ethiopia entered the century rapidly modernizing, all without the aid of the west, and a shining beacon of hope for Africa. Steady progress was made, with the countries first written constitution ever be adopted on July 16, 1931, and an appointed bicameral legislature was established. It was also the first time ever that non-nobles had any role in the government. In November 1955, the constitution was revised to allow greater political representation by the common populace by changing the lower house of the parliament into an elected body. Modern educational methods were implemented as modernization progressed,
tempered by Ethiopian traditions.
Only briefly interrupted by the brief Italian occupation that was a result of the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War (an interesting story in itself and yet another example of the west failure to prevent World War II), Ethiopia only began its present degeneration to the state it is in today after leftist radicals (likely sponsered by the Soviet Union) toppled the government.
This is an excerpt from the Wikipedia article on Haile Selassie:
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'O')n December 13, 1960, while the emperor was on a state visit to Brazil, his Imperial Guard forces staged an unsuccessful coup attempt, briefly proclaiming Haile Selassie I's eldest son Asfa Wossen as the new Emperor. The coup d'etat was crushed by the regular Army and police forces. Upon returning he set about implementing more conservative policies, aligning Ethiopia with the West and distancing himself from the more common radical leftist African governments. The coup attempt, although lacking wide popular support, denounced by the Orthodox Church, and crushed by the Army, Air and Police forces, had gained considerable support among the students of the University and elements of the young educated technocrats in the country. It marked the beginning of an increased radicalization of Ethiopia's student population.
In 1963 the Emperor presided over the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity with the new organisation setting up its headquarters in Addis Ababa.
The increasingly radical student movement took hold in Addis Ababa University and high school campuses, and student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life. Marxism took root in large segments of the Ethiopian intelligentsia. Resistance by conservative elements at the Imperial Court and Parliament, in addition to within the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made proposals of widespread land reform policies impossible to implement, and also damaged the standing of the government.
Outside of Ethiopia, however, the Emperor continued to enjoy enormous prestige and respect. As the longest serving Head of State then in power, the Emperor was usually given precedence over all other leaders at most international state events, such as the celebration of the 2500 years of the Persian Empire, the summits of the Non-aligned movement, and the state funerals of John F. Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle. His frequent travels around the world raised Ethiopia's international image.
A devastating drought in the Province of Wollo in 1972–73 caused a large famine which was covered up by the Imperial government and kept from Haile Selassie I, who was celebrating his 80th birthday amidst much pomp and ceremony. When a BBC documentary exposed the existence and scope of the famine, the government was seriously undermined, and the Emperor's once unassailable personal popularity fell. Simultaneously, economic hardship caused by high oil prices and widespread military mutinies in the country further weakened him. Enlisted men began to seize thieir senior officers and held them hostage, demanding higher pay, better living conditions, and investigation of alleged widespread corruption in the higher ranks of the military. The Derg, a committee of low ranking military officers and enlisted men, set up to investigate the military's demands, took advantage of the government's disarray to depose Emperor Haile Selassie I on September 12, 1974. The Emperor was placed under house arrest briefly at the 4th Army Division in Addis Ababa, while most of his family were detained at the late Duke of Harrar's residence in the north of the capital. The Emperor was then moved to a house on the grounds of the old Imperial Palace where the new government set up its headquarters. Later, most of the Imperial family were imprisoned in the Central prison in Addis Ababa known as "Alem Bekagn", or "I am finished with the world".
On August 28, 1975, the state media reported that the "ex-monarch" Haile Selassie I had died on August 27, following complications from a prostate operation. His doctor, Professor Asrat Woldeyes denied that complications had occurred and rejected the government version of his death. Some believe that he was suffocated in his sleep. Witnesses came forward after the fall of the Marxist government in 1991, to reveal that the Emperor's remains had been buried beneath the president's personal office. On November 5, 2000 Emperor Haile Selassie I was given an Imperial funeral by the Ethiopian Orthodox church. The current post-communist government refused to give it the status of a state funeral.
enjoyed popular support for a short period; however, the ensuing droughts, uprisings and purges resulted in a massive Ethiopian diaspora, and the first that has ever occurred in history.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I')n the months following its founding, the power of the Derg steadily increased. In July the Derg obtained key concessions from the Emperor, Haile Selassie. This included the power to arrest not only military officers, but government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold, and Endelkachew Makonnen, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court found themselves imprisoned. In August, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the Emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government in order to forestall any such development. The Derg deposed and imprisoned him on September 12, 1974. On September 15, the committee renamed itself the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC) and took control of the government. The Derg chose Lt. General Aman Andom to be its chairman, and acting head-of-state until the Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen could return from his medical treatment in Europe and assume the throne as a constitutional monarch. However, General Aman Andom quareled with the radical elements in the Derg over the issue of a new military offensive in Eritrea and the proposal to execute the high officials of the Emperor's former government. The Derg removed General Aman from power and executed him along with some supporters and 60 officials of the previous Imperial government on November 23, 1974. Brigadier General Tafari Benti became the new Chairman of the Derg, and head-of-state, whith Mengistu Haile Mariam and Atnafu Abate as his two vice-Chairman with the new ranks of Lt. Colonels. The monarchy was formally abolished in May, 1975, and Marxist-Leninism was proclaimed the ideology of the state. Emperor Haile Selassie died in captivity on August 22, 1975. It is now known that he was suffocated in his bed by his captors.
After internal conflicts, by November 1977 that resulted in the deaths of General Tafari Benti and several of his supporters, and the later elimination and execution of Colonel Atnafu Abate, Mengistu Haile Mariam gained undisputed leadership of the Derg. In 1987 the Derg was formally dissolved and the country became the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia under a new constitution. Many of the Derg members remained in key government posts, and remained as the members of the Central Committee and the Politbureau of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE), which became Ethiopia's civilian version of the Eastern bloc Communist parties. Mengistu Haile Mariam became Secretary General of the WPE, and President of the Peoples Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, as well as remaining Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.