by kublikhan » Thu 19 May 2022, 11:35:38
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('mousepad', 'K')eep in mind that the medievel ages didn't pick up the pieces from the romans. Practically everything was lost and had to be reinvented.
That's not true. Much of the Greek & Roman knowledge was picked up by the Islamic empires. While Europe was in its 'dark ages', the Islamic empires were in a golden age building on the ideas of the Greeks and Romans. Later this knowledge was spread back to Europe as well.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'T')he two great civilizations of classical antiquity were ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The Romans borrowed many ideas and techniques from the Greeks.
Some of the most significant advances in scholarship made during the Middle Ages were made by Islamic scholars. During the 600s and 700s, Muslims spread their religion across North Africa into the Iberian Peninsula, through the Middle East, and into the lands of the Byzantine Empire. Some of these areas had previously been conquered and governed by Alexander the Great, who exposed them to Hellenistic Greek culture and then by the Romans. The Muslim conquerors eventually came into possession of various Greek and Roman manuscripts. Rather than destroy these works, Muslim scholars carefully preserved them, translating them into Arabic, studying them, and in some cases building on ideas set down by the ancient writers in their own works. The Muslims were particularly interested in philosophic and scientific works. (Students who were in Core Knowledge schools in Grade 4 should have learned about significant Muslim contributions to learning during the Middle Ages, including Arabic numbers and algebra, as well as the achievements of particular scholars such as Ibn Sina, known in Europe as Avicenna.)
Jewish scholars in Muslim-held areas such as Spain and Egypt also studied and used Greco-Roman writings. One of the best known of the Jewish scholars was Maimonides, who lived in Cordoba, Spain, and Cairo, Egypt. Maimonides was a doctor and philosopher who tried to reconcile science and religion in his writings. It was mainly through the efforts of these scholars that the works of the Greeks and Romans were preserved for later Europeans. Although artists and scholars were working in any number of Muslim cities (Baghdad, Constantinople, Timbuktu, Damascus, and Cairo, for example), the cities of Andalusia in southern Spain were especially rich centers of scientific work and artistic development.
Over time, these Latin translations began to be studied at European universities that sprang up in the late Middle Ages, and Greek began to be studied again as well.
Preserving Classical Civilization$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'T')he transmission of the Greek Classics to Latin Western Europe during the Middle Ages was a key factor in the development of intellectual life in Western Europe. Interest in Greek texts and their availability was scarce in the Latin West during the earlier Middle Ages, but as traffic to the East increased, so did Western scholarship.
Classical Greek philosophy consisted of various original works ranging from those from Ancient Greece (e.g. Aristotle) to those Greco-Roman scholars in the classical Roman Empire (e.g. Ptolemy). Though these works were originally written in Greek, for centuries the language of scholarship in the Mediterranean region, many were translated into Syriac, Arabic, and Persian during the Middle Ages and the original Greek versions were often unknown to the West. With increasing Western presence in the East due to the Crusades, and the gradual collapse of the Byzantine Empire during the later Middle Ages, many Byzantine Greek scholars fled to Western Europe, bringing with them many original Greek manuscripts, and providing impetus for Greek-language education in the West and further translation efforts of Greek scholarship into Latin.
As knowledge of Greek declined in the West with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, so did knowledge of the Greek texts, many of which had remained without a Latin translation. The fragile nature of papyrus as a writing medium meant that older texts not copied onto expensive parchment would eventually crumble and be lost. After the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) and the Sack of Constantinople (1204), scholars such as William of Moerbeke gained access to the original Greek texts of scientists and philosophers, including Aristotle, Archimedes, Hero of Alexandria and Proclus, that had been preserved in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, and translated them directly into Latin.
Classical Greek learning was firmly found in every metropolis of the Roman empire, including in Rome itself. In Rome, Boethius propagated works of Greek classical learning. Boethius intended to pass on the great Greco-Roman culture to future generations by writing manuals on music and astronomy, geometry, and arithmetic.
Arabic logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Spain and Sicily, which became important centers for this transmission of ideas. Western Arabic translations of Greek works (found in Iberia and Sicily) originates in the Greek sources preserved by the Byzantines.
Western European reception of Greek ideas via the Arabian traditionWhile Greek ideas gradually permeated the Islamic world, Muslims conquests extended to the European continent. Spain was conquered by the Arabs around 700 AD, even reaching as far as Poitiers, France by 732 (Battle of Tours). By 902 Sicily was conquered. With the aid of Greek and other ideas, Spain in particular quickly became the most heavily populated and thriving area in Europe. One of the rulers of Muslim Spain, Al-Hakam II, made an effort to gather books from all over the Arab world, creating a library which would later become a center for translation into Latin. As books were gathered, so were many Arab scholars who had studied Greek ideas in the east. For example, Muhammud ibn 'Abdun and 'Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Ismail came to Spain and introduced many ideas about medicine as well as several of the works of Aristotle and Euclid. Ibn Bajjah (known as "Avempace") and Ibn Rushd (known as “Averroes”) were among the other famous philosophers of Spain who furthered the expansion of Greek ideas in medicine and philosophy.
After the Reconquista of the 12th century Spain opened even further for Christian scholars, who were now able to work in “friendly” religious territory. As these Europeans encountered Islamic philosophy, their previously held fears turned to admiration, and from Spain came a wealth of Arab knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. Foreigners came to Spain to translate from all over Europe, and Toledo became a center for such travelers, since so many of its citizens wrote daily in both Arabic and Latin-based languages. By the 13th century, translation had declined in Spain, but it was on the rise in Italy and Sicily, and from there to all of Europe. Adelard of Bath, an Englishman, traveled to Sicily and the Arab world, translating works on astronomy and mathematics, including the first complete translation of Euclid's Elements.