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More helicopter money thrown at the Repo market
From the very serious Financial Times
https://www.ft.com/content/fe562cbe-fee ... fa4e77dd47" Many have debated why the market went wrong, so fast.
The Federal Reserve was so spooked that it did not wait for answers before stepping in.
The central bank’s gross cumulative support for the market — which allows banks and investors to borrow cash in exchange for Treasuries and other high-quality collateral — will top $11.5tn by the end of January, according to our sums. The Fed did not just stabilise the repo market. Now, it is the repo market.
Repos were once the liquidity-providing “plumbing” of the financial system. Now, they have taken on another role because post-crisis rules demand that financial institutions hold far bigger balances of safe assets — at a time when yields on such assets are low or even negative.
This transformation in repos was presaged by the equity market. The Fed’s bond-buying and interest rate-cutting programme initially supported the macroeconomic recovery. The extension of quantitative easing, however, changed its nature from an output-boosting policy into an equity-market stimulus.
Exposing these repo risks in such dramatic fashion would ordinarily lead participants to run for cover. Instead, the market is so vibrant that the Fed has had continuously to increase the amounts with which it supports overnight and even longer-term deals. The best explanation for this insouciance? De facto nationalisation of the market.
Desperate to keep short-term rates within its desired range, the Fed chose not to use its backstop — known as the discount window, where it provides higher-cost loans to banks, Using these transparent fallbacks would have allowed the repo rate to settle in a new, orderly, and perhaps smaller marketplace. Instead, the Fed just opened its vault.
Thus, what should have been a learning experience is now a new, powerful incentive for moral hazard. Speculative bets can be made with the understanding that taxpayers, through the central bank, will bail out any bad calls.
To be sure, its current repo backstop puts the Fed in a supporting role — it steps in only after primary lenders step back. Theoretically, the market could operate without the Fed, but it does not because lenders love having this backstop and the central bank is always there to provide it.
The Fed also offers reverse repos, a longstanding operation designed to keep market interest rates within the central bank’s target range, no matter the risks participants take. And now the central bank is considering making its new repo operations permanent, through a so-called standing facility. In for a penny, in for a pound — and, if you are a central bank, in forever.
But with central banks providing a backstop for both equity and funding markets, what is next? Some governors have decided that they must add digital currencies to their payment systems, not only to protect the globe from Facebook’s Libra, but also as a new tool that might better transmit monetary policy.