by Tanada » Wed 31 Jan 2018, 23:33:35
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('KaiserJeep', 'I') find the 18th and 19th Century whaling industry to be fascinating. The island was at the heart of the major supply of whale oil right up until it was replaced by the inferior product kerosene. The virtually unprecedented concentration of wealth left a real mark on the island, built a narrow guage railroad that lasted only 36 years, destroyed the island's dense primordial hardwood forests (ship building and firewood) and brought about major changes in ocean ecosystems as the great whales were turned into lamp oil. Not to mention the historical incidents from the whaling ship Essex to the USCG lightships and the wreck of the Andrea Doria, which I watched live on B&W TV as a child. (One of my earliest memories, aerial shots of the sinking ocean liner from helicopters and airplanes.)
I'll have to say however that I'm not finding a lot of parallels between whale oil and FF's. Very different economic forces were at work.
People love to talk about Whale Oil in the context of resource depletion but the fact of the matter is only the wealthy could afford to burns Whales. The vast bulk of the population used 'spirit lamps' which operated on a mixture of pure alcohol blended with turpentine recovered from charcoal making ovens as a gas. During the US Civil War some teetotalers in Congress convinced President Lincoln to go along with a high tax on Alcohol for the purpose of reducing drinking amongst the troops and encouraging the working class wage slaves in the factories to be more alert and industrious instead of relaxed and happy. They completely ignored the facts that Alcohol was used for a very large variety of industrial processes as well as being about 70% of the blend for the fuel in Spirit Lamps used by those same working class average Americans. As a result the working poor were reduced to using tallow candles for lighting because the fuel for spirit lamps was unaffordable right along with Whale Oil. This created a huge economic incentive for the Petroleum industry to expand production of Coal Oil aka Kerosene. It was originally labeled Coal Oil because in many mines the owners would put a few tons of coal through destructive distillation just like the Charcoal makers who manufactured Turpentine would except the flammable liquid they recovered was the thicker Kerosene. It was called Coal Oil because the more generous mine owners would string up a row of Kerosene lanterns in the mine for lighting in addition to the weak carbide flame hat lights they wore individually. It was discovered in IIRC 1842 that destructive distillation of petroleum resulted in a much larger volume of Kerosene, but before the Alcohol tax was introduced early in the Civil War the only major user of the fuel were coal mines because they had already developed lamps to use it. Olive oil was a major lighting source in Europe but very few trees had been imported and the industry was not established in the USA before the Civil War so once Spirit Lamps fuel was massively taxed and Whale Oil remained always a luxury fuel the poor and middle class were left with one broadly available affordable lighting choice, Kerosene.
Whale oil remained popular with the wealthy for about another generation, which is why whaling almost wiped out all species of large marine mammals. The other little secret was, Whale oil towards the end had a lot of Seal and Walrus oil mixed in to expand the supply, which had a devastating impact on the Seals and Sea Lion species that inhabited Saint George Island and the other islands that circled Antarctica as well as the peninsular area of the continent where they congregated. The thing is they had never been exposed to humans before the Whale oil industry moved in on their territory so they didn't have any instinct to flee. It is said that even today outside of mating season you can walk right up to an Antarctic Sea Lion and shoot it through the head at point blank range because it doesn't recognize humans as predators and will just lay there basking in the sun. They built a whole factory on Saint George island where they would come in for six months of the year slaughtering and processing animals and then sail away when the ice started freezing up.
In truth the Wealthy could have afforded to keep burning sea mammal oil right up through today but along the line it became unfashionable. That is what really saved the sea mammals, whalers would have kept going till they wiped them all out if not for a change in taste in the consumers. This was helped along by the fact that someone, I don't recall whom, discovered that certain very low sulfur crude oils made a relatively odorless Kerosene and that a few drops of perfume could be added to the odorless type to produce a pleasant smell. Naturally the odorless forms of Kerosene were priced higher and were first choice of the wealthy and upper middle class leaving the lower grade smellier brands for the poor and lower middle classes. Part of the attraction for the wealthy of burning Whale Oil had always been the pleasant smell it gave off so once the perfumed Kerosene hit the market at 1/10th the price of Whale oil they finally had an economic incentive. Once one 'Elite' family switched to perfumed Kerosene it set the fashion trend and Whale oil demand dropped like a hot rock tossed between bare hands.
The Whale Oil story irritates me because it gets repeated ad nauseam and accepted as true by people even though the reality is far more complicated and nuanced.
KJ I suspect if you have not read S. M. Stirling's (Island in The Sea Of Time) you would greatly enjoy it. Not very realistic IMO but that doesn't stop it from being a good read on a quiet evening.