As an electrical engineer, I know it is easy to induce earth currents. A specific problem occurs, for example, if you have tram lines running along a street with metallic water pipes running alongside, even a few metres apart. The current in the relatively high-resistance forged steel rails jumps from the rails to the pipe (lower resistance), along the road and back again to the rail. This is a common cause of corrosion of the pipes, to the extent of perforation, allowing water to leak, lowering the rogue circuit resistance even more. For this reason, a hefty copper conductor is often connected to each rail to provide a minimal resistance path, plus copper bridges across each weld in the rails.
In the early days of telephony, it was common to have a single wire connection, using the earth as the return path.
Scammers like Stubblefield were ten a penny with their marvellous "inventions". The 19th c patent files are full of them, some of them being very cleverly done. A common trick was to connect large buried metal meshes a few tens of cm underground to a large battery (hidden, of course). By hammering in a couple of spikes, apparently at random, one could light a bulb between them. Of course, the spikes were of two special alloys to fool the gullible! Apparently gullibility has not left this world in this pretended age of reason and science, as is seen only too often in this forum!!!
