Sure, we can't "close" the loop, but it is my opinion that working towards that limit will certainly be critical after easy energy...
One way we can do that is to address human waste more efficiently. Shit.
Think about how we process it now: use several gallons of clean drinking water to push it off to a "treatment" plant, where even more energy is required to make it "safe" to flush into our nation's storm drain system and let the effluent flow into the ocean--causing unstable algae growth and threatening marine life. And then we use even more petroleum to make fertilizer, when we've flushed perfectly good fertilizer into the oceans!
Pretty smart system...
There are alternatives: mouldering and composting toilet systems. They are difficult to work with in a centralized and industrialized system, but for a decentralized and sustainable system I think that they are critical. Both systems deal effectively with manure-based pathogens, in the same general way that farmers let steer manure "rot" before applying it to crops: they burn the pathogens to death through composting, or let them gradually eliminate themselves through mouldering. Many cultures have long relied on the nutrient recapture of human waste-based fertilizers. It seems to be our Victorian sensibilities, combined with the desire to centralize santiation and farming sectors (for hierarchal profit), that have nearly eliminated the use of this vernacular technology...
This is certainly an area that needs some work, but I think that the potential is tremendous, especially given our likely future needs. The presence of prescription medications pose a problem that needs to be addressed, and there are probably other issues. But there are already many people working on this "vernacular technology", and anyone considering remodeling or building a farmstead, please consider this as an option:
Sunny John
Humanure Handbook (Joe Jenkins)
~Jeff
www.jeffvail.net