by kublikhan » Wed 16 Nov 2011, 15:55:37
I understand Egypt has small and shrinking amounts of arable land per person and pressures such as population growth and desertification, etc. can play a role in the troubles of Egyptians food security. These are serious issues. But those are not the only issues. Misguided government policies, both foreign and domestic, also play a role in the problem of Egyptian food security. Policies such as favoring importing cheap, subsidized American wheat, Exporting cash generating crops, misguided bread subsidies, etc. A nation should first look to food self-sufficiency before talking about exports. There is more to the Egyptian food security problem than throwing up your hands and saying: "nothing can be done, they are having too many babies, they are all gonna starve, and it's all their fault too!" That is an uninformed position to take.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'I')n Siam's eyes, to reach nine million tonnes, government needs to distribute high-productivity seeds on a nationwide scale, while such seeds are used in only 30 per cent of wheat lands at present.”“To implement this plan, a revision of policies is needed,” he adds. “First, the services of agriculture guidance, that really deteriorated, should be brought back with efficiency. Second, small peasant farmers need more facilities and support,” states Siam.
He recognises the difficulties peasants are facing since the liberalisation of the sector that started by input liberalisation and was followed by land rent liberalisation. “The prices of agriculture inputs increased highly after the liberalisation of the sector, while the price of the crops didn’t rise at the same levels, which made it unrewarding for peasants. American and European farmers benefits from subsidies; why not the Egyptians?” El-Batran wonders. El-Batran assures that Egyptian peasant farmers will be subsidised as part of a new policy aiming to increase production and help the sector employ around eight million persons. “If we count the families, and industries that depend on agriculture, we will find that 40 per cent of the population depends, whether directly or indirectly, on agriculture to earn its living,” says El-Batran.
This new language at the ministry comes after years when the idea of self-sufficiency was seen as old fashioned, liberalisation being the main target. Egyptian agricultural policy was focused on cash generating crops that can be exported, like fruits and vegetables. The most famous example is the cantaloupe of Youssef Wali, minister of agriculture between 1982 and 2004, that spread in Egypt in a few years. The idea was to export high-priced horticulture products to raise enough money to finance the import of cheap cereals. The consequences: Egypt imports 60 per cent of its wheat, 50 per cent of its fava beans, 90 per cent of edible oils, and the list goes on.
Until 1950, Egypt enjoyed self-sufficiency in wheat. “Egypt started to import wheat at this time to cover the needs of the British troops. After 1952 Revolution, wheat consumption increased when the government started to generalise bread made from wheat, while before, in the countryside, people mainly consumed bread made from maize,” recalls Abdel-Salam Gomaam, president of the Grains Centre in the Ministry of Agriculture, known as the "father of Egyptian wheat". He calls to go back to this mode of consumption, to partially solve the problem.
From liberalisation to self-sufficiency: Egypt charts a new agricultural policy$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'A')ccording to The Wall Street Journal (September 30, 1983):
− the government paid 2.5 times more for imported US wheat than the price it paid Egyptian farmers for their wheat;
The Egyptian Wheat Market$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', '&')quot;The subsidy system is not a reflection of social justice; around two-thirds of the people benefiting from it are not poor," Magda Kandil, executive director and director of research at the Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, told the seminar.
Mills produce subsidized flour for the government for as little as 160 Egyptian pounds a tonne, while its market value would be around 2,000 pounds. Experts say subsidized flour is often leaked into the open market at a big profit. To stop this, the government is considering making mills and bakeries purchase wheat and flour at market prices. The government would then buy the bread at market prices but sell it on with a subsidy to ration card holders, Abdel Khaleq said.
However, subsidized bread would still be cheaper than animal feed, a price distortion which encourages waste. "The people who don't need the subsidy are taking the bread anyway and feeding it to their animals," Kandil said. With bread so cheap, Egyptians have one of the world's highest rates of wheat consumption per capita in the world. Egyptians consume about 180 to 200 kg of wheat a year, compared to an estimated 51 kg for Mexicans.
Agriculture on the northern Mediterranean coast, which was cultivated in Roman times, could be expanded, he said. Much of the area, dotted with holiday resorts, is now a summer retreat for affluent Egyptians. "You have 1.5 million acres behind these resorts that are readily cultivable with underground water. You can grow wheat there," Beshai said.
Even without expanding farmland, however, Egypt could cut imports, improve its domestic production and generate more cash from exports by improving its distribution system to reduce the amount of food lost before it reaches the consumer. "Currently, post-harvest losses result in the destruction of 30 percent of the produce. In the case of tomatoes, post-harvest losses can reach 60 percent," said Angie Helmy, vice chairman of Egyptian Agrofoods Co. "Produce is improperly packaged, it is stacked in a random way on trucks, travels exposed and does not receive any cooling," she added. Helmy, who has been exporting fresh produce to European markets for a year and a half, said addressing these problems would save large volumes of produce.
Such reforms of agriculture have been discussed for years in Egypt but have often failed because of poorly functioning government bureaucracies and red tape, which make investing in the sector a challenge. Many of Egypt's farmers own very small holdings which make changing growing practices and the creation of large, economically efficient farms difficult. But success with food subsidy reform could encourage the government and the private sector to press ahead with wider changes to the agricultural sector, while freeing up some government money to promote them.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'F')ood for Peace is probably our most harmful foreign aid program. The United States is dumping over $2 billion worth of surplus agricultural commodities a year on Third World Countries. Although sometimes alleviating hunger in the short run, the program often disrupts local agricultural markets and makes it harder for poor countries to feed themselves in the long run.
Food for Peace was created in 1954 to help the Eisenhower administration get rid of embarrassingly large farm surpluses. The program aimed to benefit American farmers and the U.S. merchant marine and at the same time help hungry foreigners. In reality, it removes the evidence of the failure of our agricultural policies, often with little concern for the food recipients.
In the 1950s and 1960s, massive U.S. wheat dumping in India disrupted that country's agricultural market and helped bankrupt thousands of Indian farmers. George Dunlop, chief of staff of the Senate Agriculture Committee, speculated that food aid may have been responsible for millions of Indians starving.[7] U.S. officials have conceded that massive food aid to Indonesia, Pakistan, and India in the 1960s "restricted agricultural growth . . . by allowing the governments to (1) postpone essential agricultural reforms, (2) fail to give agricultural investment sufficient priority, and (3) maintain a pricing system which gave farmers an inadequate incentive to increase production."
U.S. food aid is still having devastating effects. A report by the AID inspector general found that food aid "supported Government of Egypt policies . . . which have had a direct negative impact on domestic wheat production in Egypt."[9] AID administrator Peter McPherson has admitted his concern that U.S. food donations are still having an adverse effect on Egyptian agriculture.[10] In Haiti, U.S. free food is widely sold illegally in the country's markets next to the Haitian farmers' own crops. Governments often accept U.S. free food at the same time that they are repressing their own farmers, refusing to pay them what their crops are worth.