Donate Bitcoin

Donate Paypal


PeakOil is You

PeakOil is You

THE Heating Oil Thread (merged)

General discussions of the systemic, societal and civilisational effects of depletion.

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby anador » Fri 04 Mar 2011, 17:52:55

Ha ha yeah, Well by the time that happens we will probably be having 70 degree weather in new england at midwinter so I won't need to burn wood! :mrgreen:
@#$% highways
User avatar
anador
Coal
Coal
 
Posts: 455
Joined: Thu 26 Feb 2009, 17:31:18

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby vision-master » Fri 04 Mar 2011, 19:19:38

lol, you will do just fine.... :)

Me, I'm not so sure I'll make it. If TSHTF, I'm finished.
vision-master
 

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby vtsnowedin » Fri 04 Mar 2011, 20:04:37

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('anador', 'I') mean, for our wood boiler system, it is alot less complicated.

We are able to burn full sections of logs, so we only have to split what we put in our fireplace.

We do still have to cut the large logs down into sections but that is not hard.

We can burn green wood and trash wood (like pine) that you typically cant burn indoors because of creosote.

You fill the thing up once a day in winter and it the furnace controls the burn based on demand.
When the thermostat calls for heat the computer opens a damper and activates a blower fan quickly generating alot of heat. Once the water jacket is at the right temp the damper closes and the fire essentially goes out, the damper allows in just enough air for the coals to smolder, like a cigarette, and if the system doesnt call for heat it can sit on this (standby) mode for days, consuming little wood and waiting for the system to call.

You dont have to start a new fire every time the thermostat calls for heat. That would be ridiculous.
Its kind of a fill it and forget it thing.

As I said, wood is free for us, but you dont have to use virgin lumber as feedstock and you don't necessarily have to buy wood even if you dont have a connect like we do.

Pickling plants, vegetable packers, furniture factories and other such places usually ship and receive alot of merchandise on pallets. Usually you can go down to such an operation and take tons of dry pine from their trash heaps as pallets. They never mind, as they have to pay to get rid of the stuff anyway.

Its easy to find waste wood for free if you really put your mind to it.

our system also has a catalytic converter so dangerous fumes and smoky releases are uncommon, typically the stack has only clear air coming from it, or small puffs of grey pleasant smelling woodsmoke.

A couple of points on this. First if more then a few people switch to burning waste wood instead of oil the supply of free waste wood will dry up in a hurry.
Second I don't have to start a fire every time I need heat. I often go for days just raking the coals to the front and piling on more wood. You and I both have to put enough wood into the heating unit to produce enough BTUs to replace what the house is losing to radiation and air infiltration. Your time between loadings is longer and the automatic dampers are nice but they don't reduce the amount of BTUs that the house requires.
Third nobody uses virgin timber for fire wood. There isn't any virgin timber available left east of the Rocky's. What does happen is that when a stand of trees is cut the wood is sorted depending on size and grade. Nice straight logs more then 14 inches in diameter at the tip end are sold for veneer then further up the tree a log or two may go to be sawed into boards and furniture stock and then the top wood or any twisted, hollow,or rot streaked wood goes into the cord wood pile. Some whole trees which will never make it to a veneer log will be taken out for wood or chips to thin the stand. But no wood that has a higher use will show up in your load of logs.
And last every one of these outside boilers I see are puking out clouds of white smoke that drifts across the neighbors lawn. many jurisdictions have or are considering banning them. They do not have a tall enough stack for the smoke to rise above the eves of a adjacent house and when burning green or soft wood they do smell like a chimney fire about to happen. See one in action before you chose to buy and perhaps talk to the neighbors.
Just my $.02
User avatar
vtsnowedin
Fusion
Fusion
 
Posts: 14897
Joined: Fri 11 Jul 2008, 03:00:00

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby Puddnhead » Fri 04 Mar 2011, 21:18:33

Long winter underwear, sweaters, wool socks, a hat... seventy years ago most people kept their homes between 50 and 60. Keeping your body warm is a lot easier that keeping a house warm. There was recently a study that also showed that keeping your house cool helps you lose weight.

http://www.treehugger.com/files/2011/02 ... =weekly_nl

http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110223/hl_ ... re_obesity
Puddnhead
Wood
Wood
 
Posts: 30
Joined: Mon 09 Aug 2010, 23:10:37

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby Fishman » Fri 04 Mar 2011, 21:44:25

Puddn, you have it exactly right. There will be screams to heat the entire house of the poor, until we run out of money. Better for all of us to adapt quickly, single room, lots of cloths. Reading this site, you are already ready for this, right?
Obama, the FUBAR presidency gets scraped off the boot
User avatar
Fishman
Intermediate Crude
Intermediate Crude
 
Posts: 2137
Joined: Thu 11 Aug 2005, 03:00:00
Location: Carolina de Norte

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby Puddnhead » Fri 04 Mar 2011, 21:51:50

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('Fishman', 'P')uddn, you have it exactly right. There will be screams to heat the entire house of the poor, until we run out of money. Better for all of us to adapt quickly, single room, lots of cloths. Reading this site, you are already ready for this, right?


We're ready for the cold. It is the heat that I worry about. My wife gets mean if the house gets above 80.
Puddnhead
Wood
Wood
 
Posts: 30
Joined: Mon 09 Aug 2010, 23:10:37

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby Frank » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 00:24:27

Outdoor boilers are subject to new rules but they are still horribly inefficient. Free wood is great but they pollute like crazy. Every time the damper closes the things sit there and smolder which isn't exactly clean burning. Wood supply will be an issue. Inefficient boilers can reduce sustainable wood supply by a factor of two. Wood gasification boilers are approx. 2X as efficient, especially if heat storage is used (ex. tank in basement) and this also translates into a lot less wood management hassle/cost.

If you're only paying $.12/kWh for electricity you could consider an air-to-air heat pump during shoulder seasons i.e. when temps are > 20F or so. They can have a coefficient of performance of 4:1 which is the equivalent of $.03/kWh or $1.20/gal. of oil.

80% of the homes in Maine still use fuel oil to heat and we have some of the highest electric rates in the nation. It's a huge issue.
User avatar
Frank
Tar Sands
Tar Sands
 
Posts: 556
Joined: Wed 15 Dec 2004, 04:00:00
Location: Maine/Nova Scotia

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby misterno » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 00:31:23

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('anador', 'I') mean, for our wood boiler system, it is alot less complicated.

We are able to burn full sections of logs, so we only have to split what we put in our fireplace.

We do still have to cut the large logs down into sections but that is not hard.

We can burn green wood and trash wood (like pine) that you typically cant burn indoors because of creosote.

You fill the thing up once a day in winter and it the furnace controls the burn based on demand.
When the thermostat calls for heat the computer opens a damper and activates a blower fan quickly generating alot of heat. Once the water jacket is at the right temp the damper closes and the fire essentially goes out, the damper allows in just enough air for the coals to smolder, like a cigarette, and if the system doesnt call for heat it can sit on this (standby) mode for days, consuming little wood and waiting for the system to call.

You dont have to start a new fire every time the thermostat calls for heat. That would be ridiculous.
Its kind of a fill it and forget it thing.

As I said, wood is free for us, but you dont have to use virgin lumber as feedstock and you don't necessarily have to buy wood even if you dont have a connect like we do.

Pickling plants, vegetable packers, furniture factories and other such places usually ship and receive alot of merchandise on pallets. Usually you can go down to such an operation and take tons of dry pine from their trash heaps as pallets. They never mind, as they have to pay to get rid of the stuff anyway.

Its easy to find waste wood for free if you really put your mind to it.

our system also has a catalytic converter so dangerous fumes and smoky releases are uncommon, typically the stack has only clear air coming from it, or small puffs of grey pleasant smelling woodsmoke.


I see your point but here is another question

can anyone go to any forest with a chainsaw in his hand and cut any tree he wants?

Isnt' there a law to prevent this? I would imagine you are probably cutting the old decaying trees not the young ones ( I hope)

Am I right? Otherwise, what if the local enforcement sees you?

I don't wanna see the days where thousands of people go to the nearest forest and cut any tree they can get their hands on when oil hits above $150.
User avatar
misterno
Tar Sands
Tar Sands
 
Posts: 844
Joined: Wed 07 Mar 2007, 04:00:00
Location: Somewhere super boring

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby anador » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 16:29:27

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('misterno', '
')I see your point but here is another question

can anyone go to any forest with a chainsaw in his hand and cut any tree he wants?

Isnt' there a law to prevent this? I would imagine you are probably cutting the old decaying trees not the young ones ( I hope)

Am I right? Otherwise, what if the local enforcement sees you?

I don't wanna see the days where thousands of people go to the nearest forest and cut any tree they can get their hands on when oil hits above $150.


Well we don't use cut wood from our woods, except where we are already clearing for pasture. We do use dead wood already on the ground, and always from our land. It would be illegal to use cut wood from others land, and I in no way defend stealing wood.

It is possible with high efficiency wood-gas and proper regional wood-lot management to sustainably grow and cut trees in a cycle on specific woodlots for that purpose, as I demonstrated in this thread.

That leaves sensitive environments alone and treats wood as an agricultural commodity.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('anador', '[')img]http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash2/hs399.ash2/67712_1474027379193_1488930125_31059148_2615203_n.jpg[/img]

Okay, just did some calculations.

Lets say we take a 500 acre area, a zone which would contain 500 structures, no shops, and no institutions, and no food production in a typical sprawl pattern.

By applying proper low-energy-urbanism the 500 acre zone now supports 660 structures, with attendant shops, parks, farms, and institutions. A town.

The population has been doubled from 1,500 to 3,000

There are now 425 acres for growing to 75 acres of town.
Outside the inner 425 acre food ring (capable of sustaining 3400 people if biointensive practices are used) there are 3 rings of 208’ in width each

The first ring supports 84 acres of trees

The second ring supports 86 acres of trees

The third ring supports 92 acres of trees.

These rings acts as wood-lot energy producers for the town with a five year harvest cycle.

Image

From the paulownia supply info. site the trees can be planted with a density of 132 per acre. Each tree produces 122 board feet of wood in a five year maturation period. 26 acres are harvested per year yielding:

132x122x42 bf per annum or 837,408 bf per year.

A cord of wood contains on average 500 bf so the production in cords per year is 1,675.

The 660 buildings each receive 2.5 cords of wood per year

Electrical generation by water jacket steam turbine generation have managed to achieve up to 70% efficiency.

“One cord of well-seasoned hardwood (weighing approximately two tons) burned in an airtight, draft-controlled wood stove with a 55-65% efficiency is equivalent to approximately 175 gallons of #2 fuel oil or 225 therms of natural gas consumed in normal furnaces having 65-75% efficiencies.”

So the equivalent in heating oil used for the demonstrated 1675 cords per year represents approximately 293,125 gallons per year or 444 gallons per structure per year

Reasonable amount if your climate isn’t too severe. Would work fine in New England.

You would have to plant more rings in more harsh areas. I would also say a factor of safety would have to be considered anyway, as these numbers are all taken off the internet and may not reflect what really happens.

But still, supporting the energy and food needs of a small town in the space taken up by a large subdivision isn’t that bad!

Sources:

http://www.zilkha.com/category/tree-facts/
http://www.iowadnr.gov/forestry/definitions.html
http://www.paulowniasupply.com/why_grow ... cially.htm



Also vtsnowed in, you are right about efficiency and that many older boilers do have smoke trouble, especially when people burn garbage. But we and our neighbors have used this system for several years and we have never had a complaint. We do generate smoke when starting up a cold furnace, but only as much as a fireplace would.

Yes if everyone scavanged wood waste it would dry up as a free supply, but thats no reason to allow all that wood to go to the landfill now, when it could be used for biomass now.
@#$% highways
User avatar
anador
Coal
Coal
 
Posts: 455
Joined: Thu 26 Feb 2009, 17:31:18
Top

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby Ludi » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 19:53:31

Someone might have mentioned it already but I would note that interior spaces were not heated until quite recently, when mass stoves and boilers were invented in the late 1700s or so. Prior to that fireplaces were used to heat people, not rooms, and to cook on, and many rooms did not have fireplaces. People wore what we would now consider outdoor clothes indoors, that is for men; long shirt, trousers, waistcoat, coat or jacket, and some kind of neck-wear such as a stock or cravat - for ladies; chemise, stays or corset, several petticoats, pantalettes once they had been invented, blouse or bodice, skirt, shawl, and cap. Nobody wore just one or two layers of fabric indoors except in summer or during certain periods of fashion such as the Regency during which period fashionable ladies regularly died of the cold indoors. 8O

We are so spoiled.
Ludi
 

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby anador » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 20:31:35

Yeah, It explains curtained beds, basically a tent inside the house which your body can keep warm.

Definitely will result in mass migrations south when people have no heat or food in that first powered down winter.

Would not want to be in the south around that time, most car dependent cities, most sprawl, crowds of unwashed unfed northerners pouring in....

It sort of like Miami international airport all the time :-D
@#$% highways
User avatar
anador
Coal
Coal
 
Posts: 455
Joined: Thu 26 Feb 2009, 17:31:18

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby Ludi » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 20:42:57

But folks are used to air conditioning too, so what will they do in the South in the summer with no AC? 8O And modern houses are not built to function without AC.

Lots of people will die of the heat in modern buildings with no AC (see European heat wave 2003).
Ludi
 

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby anador » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 20:46:42

That is true. The good thing about poorer areas (at least in Miami) is that the majority of the buildings are from the 1960s and before, almost 100% of them didnt have a/c when built, so they can be converted back to using the drafts and sunshades they were designed to use to keep cool. Even though they are modernist buildings....

A drafty old house with weighted sash windows will be a boon in either climate, once the machine hum ceases.
@#$% highways
User avatar
anador
Coal
Coal
 
Posts: 455
Joined: Thu 26 Feb 2009, 17:31:18

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby vtsnowedin » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 21:01:40

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('anador', '')$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('misterno', '
')I see your point but here is another question

can anyone go to any forest with a chainsaw in his hand and cut any tree he wants?

Isnt' there a law to prevent this? I would imagine you are probably cutting the old decaying trees not the young ones ( I hope)

Am I right? Otherwise, what if the local enforcement sees you?

I don't wanna see the days where thousands of people go to the nearest forest and cut any tree they can get their hands on when oil hits above $150.


Well we don't use cut wood from our woods, except where we are already clearing for pasture. We do use dead wood already on the ground, and always from our land. It would be illegal to use cut wood from others land, and I in no way defend stealing wood.

It is possible with high efficiency wood-gas and proper regional wood-lot management to sustainably grow and cut trees in a cycle on specific woodlots for that purpose, as I demonstrated in this thread.

That leaves sensitive environments alone and treats wood as an agricultural commodity.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('anador', '[')img]http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash2/hs399.ash2/67712_1474027379193_1488930125_31059148_2615203_n.jpg[/img]

Okay, just did some calculations.

Lets say we take a 500 acre area, a zone which would contain 500 structures, no shops, and no institutions, and no food production in a typical sprawl pattern.

By applying proper low-energy-urbanism the 500 acre zone now supports 660 structures, with attendant shops, parks, farms, and institutions. A town.

The population has been doubled from 1,500 to 3,000

There are now 425 acres for growing to 75 acres of town.
Outside the inner 425 acre food ring (capable of sustaining 3400 people if biointensive practices are used) there are 3 rings of 208’ in width each

The first ring supports 84 acres of trees

The second ring supports 86 acres of trees

The third ring supports 92 acres of trees.

These rings acts as wood-lot energy producers for the town with a five year harvest cycle.

Image

From the paulownia supply info. site the trees can be planted with a density of 132 per acre. Each tree produces 122 board feet of wood in a five year maturation period. 26 acres are harvested per year yielding:

132x122x42 bf per annum or 837,408 bf per year.

A cord of wood contains on average 500 bf so the production in cords per year is 1,675.

The 660 buildings each receive 2.5 cords of wood per year

Electrical generation by water jacket steam turbine generation have managed to achieve up to 70% efficiency.

“One cord of well-seasoned hardwood (weighing approximately two tons) burned in an airtight, draft-controlled wood stove with a 55-65% efficiency is equivalent to approximately 175 gallons of #2 fuel oil or 225 therms of natural gas consumed in normal furnaces having 65-75% efficiencies.”

So the equivalent in heating oil used for the demonstrated 1675 cords per year represents approximately 293,125 gallons per year or 444 gallons per structure per year

Reasonable amount if your climate isn’t too severe. Would work fine in New England.

You would have to plant more rings in more harsh areas. I would also say a factor of safety would have to be considered anyway, as these numbers are all taken off the internet and may not reflect what really happens.

But still, supporting the energy and food needs of a small town in the space taken up by a large subdivision isn’t that bad!

Sources:

http://www.zilkha.com/category/tree-facts/
http://www.iowadnr.gov/forestry/definitions.html
http://www.paulowniasupply.com/why_grow ... cially.htm



Also vtsnowed in, you are right about efficiency and that many older boilers do have smoke trouble, especially when people burn garbage. But we and our neighbors have used this system for several years and we have never had a complaint. We do generate smoke when starting up a cold furnace, but only as much as a fireplace would.

Yes if everyone scavanged wood waste it would dry up as a free supply, but thats no reason to allow all that wood to go to the landfill now, when it could be used for biomass now.

You have some major holes in your figures and plans. For one, a cord of wood is 128 cubic feet of wood as neatly stacked and ranked. That includes the air between the pieces of wood and the bark that is on the wood. On average there is eighty cubic feet of solid wood in a cord and as there are twelve board feet in a cubic foot a cord of wood has on average 80X 12 =960 board feet , not 500 . Then you have your yield per acre of 6.3 cords per year. It varies by region, soil type, and rainfall of course but in the real world in regions where hardwood predominates 1.0 cords per acre per year is considered excellent results. you can find studies that claim two cords per year but they include every twig and dead-fall off of every tree and the cost to collect them before they rot is excessive and the case can be made that this second cord per year needs to allowed to rot on the forest floor to maintain soil fertility.
Straighten that out and redo your calcs and I'll take another look at your proposal.
And while I'm posting!!

Ludis right we have become very spoiled.
And
Cut a tree on my land before you have paid me for it (live ,dead, rotten, on the ground, whatever) and I (not you) will have to decide whether to call the sheriff or shoot you myself. :twisted:
User avatar
vtsnowedin
Fusion
Fusion
 
Posts: 14897
Joined: Fri 11 Jul 2008, 03:00:00
Top

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby Ludi » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 21:26:21

Forgot to mention both men and women wore stockings (wool or silk) covering at least up to the knee and generally higher. Shame on me for forgetting a layer of clothing! :oops:

<<<<< costume history buff :)
Ludi
 

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby anador » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 21:39:14

From the Iowa forestry dept.

http://www.iowadnr.gov/forestry/definitions.html

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'B')oard foot. A unit of measure of wood 1" thick, and 1 foot on each side. Equals 1/12 cubic foot of wood. In practice, a board foot seldom contains 1/12th of a cubic foot due to loss from surfacing such as planing and sanding. For example, a 8 foot 2 x 4 would be said to have 5 and 1/3 board feet, but would actually be more like 4.08 board feet after losses from surfacing.

Cord. A unit of measure of wood that is equivalent to a pile of round wood 4 feet wide, 8 feet long and 4 feet high. Contains 128 cubic feet of wood and space. May contain approximately 80 to 90 cubic feet of solid wood. A common, but fairly meaningless conversion is 500 board feet per cord. See face cord.


http://www.planitplantitplanet.com/Sustainable-Lumber.html

from a paulownia distributor, And paulownia was used as an absolute ideal species according to limits of climate and maximum possible growth. This was only a quick example to show how small such a place could possibly be run using ideal values.

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'T')he Paulownia has a working market in the lumber industry and is well sought after America now with a sustainable renewable resource tag. 4 to 5 year old trees yielding a conservative 200 to 300 board feet. Harvests can start as soon as the 1st year harvesting 16 to 30 foot poles at 4” to 5” diameter Paulownia, originally from China, can produce a butt log of mill able quality hardwood timber within four to six years. This compares with a minimum of 18-20 years for other hardwoods.


I used references for a reason, please check them. An Im not saying going out and building this would have immediate gain and success, its like all things. Buts ita a model that can be demonstrated using ideal values and can be expanded to produce more or less, and service more or less people.

also, paulownia websites have yield values that range widely according to where they are advertising and how they mean for it to be used.

I took a middle of the road website and allowed it some breathing room, paulownia is, however, a special tree, not a typical hardwood. also paulownia tomentosa is nitrogen fixing and is suited for low nutrient environments
@#$% highways
User avatar
anador
Coal
Coal
 
Posts: 455
Joined: Thu 26 Feb 2009, 17:31:18
Top

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby anador » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 21:57:58

And as for soil depletion, the ashes can be recycled back to the soil from the high efficiency gennies. This would slow nutrient depletion to a crawl, and since the cycles take so long between harvests this is not really an issue.
@#$% highways
User avatar
anador
Coal
Coal
 
Posts: 455
Joined: Thu 26 Feb 2009, 17:31:18

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby vtsnowedin » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 22:10:24

$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('anador', ']')A common, but fairly meaningless conversion is 500 board feet per cord.[/color] See face cord.


[/quote]
Apparently you do not understand what meaningless means.
And then there is this from the people pushing Paulownia trees. Seems they dont grow at all where I and a lot of people live 45 degrees north.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', 'C')LIMATIC REQUIREMENTS

The Paulownia tree adapts easily to a wide range of climatic conditions. It grows well in tropical climates with abundant sunshine and rainfall. It has also grown in regions as far north as 40 degrees latitude in the northern hemisphere with as little rainfall as 20 inches per year. In general, Paulownia tree grows well on sandy and clay soils - heavy earth. But because it adapts so easily, it can grow just as quickly as a wide variety of soils. For instance, in Japan it can grow well in rich soil in the temperate zone as well as in the dry poor soil of the north central plain; in the rich forest soil of the subtropics; and in the laterite of the southern tropical region. Paulownia tree can also adapt to a wide range of temperatures. In Japan Paulownia is commonly found in regions where the maximum temperature is 38-40 degree C and a minimum temperature of -10 to -5 degree C, with a mean temperature of 15-20 degree C during the year. In other words, the Paulownia tree tolerates high and low temperatures very well.


But hey who am I to tinkle on your parade. Go build you eco friendly town fueled by rings of Paulownia trees. I'll come begging at the gates for admission as soon as you have it up and running.
User avatar
vtsnowedin
Fusion
Fusion
 
Posts: 14897
Joined: Fri 11 Jul 2008, 03:00:00
Top

Re: Heating Oil: What's a person to do?

Unread postby anador » Tue 08 Mar 2011, 22:34:02

Haha yeah,they said fairly meaningless as in "why would you ever need to use it", not "because its inaccurate".

As I said repeatedly this was a thought experiment dealing with ideals, theres really no need to get so scrappy. I didnt say It was something that could be built as is, but a spatial demonstration of a possible.. repeat..possible system.

I mean it doesnt help that woodlots have been used for thousands of years to supply firewood to rural people, theres not really anything being argued here.

Notice also how I said
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', ' ')using ideal values and can be expanded to produce more or less, and service more or less people.


sure maybe you can hate on a 500 acre village, but two houses using woodlots from which they cyclically harvest wood?

nothing new there, as I said, concept as old as cities themselves. just trying to introduce a old method into the discussion which I hadnt seen around.

and i happen to live beneath the 45th in massachusetts.
@#$% highways
User avatar
anador
Coal
Coal
 
Posts: 455
Joined: Thu 26 Feb 2009, 17:31:18
Top

Previous

Return to Peak Oil Discussion

Who is online

Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 10 guests

cron