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How Well Do We Know Climate Change?
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I have been following the developments on this critical global issue ever since my first paper on Global Warming at the Hamburg International Conference in early 1990s. Although a few thoughts have been penned here and there, its complexity seems to be getting more challenging as we progress year after year. It is also not easy for any single expert to throw up concrete steps to tackle the issue and therefore, it has to be a team work of many experts pooling their perceptions to seek ultimate solution. When we look at what is happening currently, it seems to me that we may have to draw inputs from chemical, physical, geological and biological processes that have successfully governed the climate of the past as we know and the disturbance we humans, have caused to this balanced environment. The cycles of chemical elements like carbon and nitrogen and gaseous emissions that are emitted into the atmosphere seem to be the central point of focus in order to gain an insight into this complex phenomenon.
While we seem to concentrate on carbon dioxide emissions, we tend to forget inter-related aspects like land use for example which has not received the attention that it deserves as it is believed to contribute about 20% of total carbon emissions. Currently its contribution is 40% of the climate change impact addressed as ‘radiative forcing’ – the amount of energy balance between sun’s energy radiating down and the energy that Earth radiates back into space, a scientific concept that describes the process of global warming.
PRINCIPAL FACTORS:
Land Use: As mentioned above, land use along with anthropogenic greenhouse gases contribute to global warming. The initial step of land use change is converting forests into agriculture which emits methane and nitrous oxide. We are simultaneously removing the sink for carbon dioxide by removing the forests. It is thus a paradoxical situation for increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels especially Coal deployed for power generation has been identified as the most visual sight of enhancing gaseous emissions into the atmosphere. Aerosols emanated are not only bad for human health but depletes ozone as they are responsible for reflecting sun’s energy back to cool the planet. In addition, aerosols fertilize the land and ocean ecosystems helping them draw down carbon dioxide.
Although there are many sources of carbon emission which will be discussed later, the use of fossil fuels triggered change in energy policy in view of the increasing carbon dioxide concentration.
CLIMATE CHANGE:
Climate change includes both global warming and its impact on Earth’s weather patterns. While there have been previous periods of climate change, the current changes seem distinctly more rapid and not attributed to natural causes. In fact, they are caused due to greenhouse gases mostly carbon dioxide and methane. Fossil fuels deployed for power generation seem to contribute to this though agricultural practices, industrial processes and forest loss add to this. Greenhouse gases being transparent to sunlight absorb heat and warms up the earth’s surface. When the earth emits that heat (infrared radiation) the gases absorb it trapping the heat near the earth’s surface resulting in ‘Global Warming. Biofuels’ as one of the options would not only reduce the gaseous emissions especially carbon dioxide (they don’t emit) but their cultivation consequently would reduce the carbon dioxide acting as sink for carbon dioxide and at the same time future land use need greater attention if we have to address this burning issue.
Although there has been a long history on Climate Change, it is better to restrict to the events that followed in the 20th Century when carbon emissions from fossil fuels reached on billion tons per year (1937). Climate change got hardly registered on agenda of the First UN environment conference in 1972 and even Montreal protocol (1987) restricted chemicals that damage ozone layer. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 started collating and assessing evidence on climate change and recognized that temperatures have risen by 0.3-0.6 degree C over the last century in its First Assessment Report in 1990. Earth Summit of 1992 in Rio De Janeiro started talking about ‘stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to 1990 level. Kyoto Protocol (1997) directed developed nations to reduce emissions by 5% by 2008-12 but, US Senate did not ratify the directive. Kyoto also introduced market-based mechanisms – International Emission Trading (ET); Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). The first part of IPCC’s fifth assessment report certainly declared that humans are the ‘dominant cause’ of global warming since 1950’s.
It was Conference of Parties (COP), the apex body of United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention UNFCC) formed in 1994 that addressed stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions and to protect earth from the threat. Since its formation, COP has moved into the 26 meeting at Glasgow, Scotland in 2021. The Glasgow Climate Pact (GCP) as it is addressed, aims at limiting global warming to 1.5 degree Celsius by 2030 as agreed under the 2015 Paris Agreement. This in effect amounts to a cut of greenhouse gas emissions by 45% by 2030 and to zero overall by 2050 to achieve Paris goal.
WEATHER PREDICTION:
As a result of climate change, weather predictions across the globe have become a serious challenge as it has hampered the ability of forecasting agencies. India Meteorological Department (IMD) for example in India, has installed more radars and upgraded high performance computing system to meet this challenge. Monsoon rainfall though has not shown significant trend, heavy rainfall event has increased against light rainfall which has decreased due to climate change. The additional changes due to instability are increase in thunderstorms, lightning and heavy rainfall and the severity of cyclones in the Arabian Sea is also increasing. Overall, the increase in the frequency of extreme weather events is posing a challenge to forecasters.
ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES:
The effect of human-caused global warming (loss of Sea ice, melting glaciers, Sea level rise and intense heat waves) is indeed irreversible and is likely to worsen in the decades to come. The Sixth Assessment Report of IPCC published in 2021 found that earth has already warmed by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degree Celsius) since pre-industrial times (1750) and is likely to reach or exceed 1.5 degree Celsius.
It is just not the fossil fuel burning that is alone responsible for the greenhouse gas emissions. As brought out in the chart (Fig.1) there are other factors contributing to this rise. This collective contribution unfortunately does not stay in the same form but gets modified depending upon the local, regional and national characteristics. If we were to take coal in thermal power plant, coal burning not only releases carbon dioxide but also sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. The consequent change that results is the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid in the presence of moisture is termed as ‘Acid Rain. Imagine the kind of changes that occur when all the activities as cited in the diagram contribute directly or indirectly to the atmospheric composition. In order to understand this we may have to take shelter in the atmospheric chemistry.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY:
Atmospheric chemistry focuses on chemical processes within Earth’s atmosphere to understand implications of climate forcing, air quality and reciprocal interactions between atmosphere and biosphere. This is achieved through application of models and one such model is constructed by automatic code generators (Autochem or Kinetic PreProcessor). In order to test theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry, computer models (chemical transport models) are used. In addition, numerical models solve different equations governing concentrations of chemicals in the atmosphere which may be simple or complicated. In the 20th century atmospheric science has progressed from mere composition of air to how the concentrations of trace gases have changed over time and the chemical processes which create and destroy compounds in the air.
When we look at this phenomenon which is pretty dynamic, the changes seem to take place not only daily but even over periods of time rendering the atmospheric chemistry into the most challenging aspect of study. In other words, by the time we understand atmospheric status today, much more would happen ahead of the next one or two years – of course depending on the newer activities that humans add to the already existing list.
Though the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere is important for several reasons primarily, it is because of interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. Humans who changed this composition affect human health, crops and ecosystem. Acid rain as mentioned above, photochemical smog and global warming are a few of them. Theoretical understanding of these changes have been attempted to find possible solutions by several governments specifically to address global warming.
| Average composition of dry atmosphere, by volume | |
| GAS | Per NASA |
| Nitrogen N2 | 78.084% |
| Oxygen O2 | 20.946% |
| Argon Ar | 0,934% |
| Water vapour | Highly variable – typically makes up about 1% |
| Minor constituents in ppmv | |
| Carbon dioxide CO2 | 383 |
| Neon Ne | 18.18 |
| Helium He | 5.24 |
| Methane CH4 | 1.7 |
| Krypton Kr | 1.14 |
| Hydrogen H2 | 0.55 |
|
|
Atmospheric science moved on from composition of air (please see above) to the concentrations of trace elements and their changes over time and chemical processes that create and destroy compounds in the air. The focus however shifted to treating atmosphere as single system – biosphere and geosphere, instead of mere atmospheric chemistry in isolation. Instruments like GOME and MOPITT provide a global picture of air pollution and chemistry. Another instrument LIDAR provides concentration profiles of chemical compounds and aerosol but, restricted to horizontal region. Of the two models mentioned above – computer and numerical, the trade off in numerical is between the number of chemical compounds and chemical reactions modelled versus representation of transport and mixing in the atmosphere. What needs to be exercised is to treat earth system models to link climate, atmospheric composition and biosphere together and not in isolation.
GLOBAL PERCEPTION:
Biosphere comprising of several ecosystems was in harmony with the initial activities which were contained by various processes. Meteoric rise in population thrust pressure on the potential of environmental balance as deforestation transforming the land for agriculture to meet growing demand of food triggered a paradoxical imbalance – ‘Carbon sink’ started diminishing and carbon dioxide rising. Even the fossil fuel burning saw a gradual increase to meet the growing demand of power. While the above activities resulted in soil erosion, air quality and undrinkable water, they perhaps went unnoticed as humans took it for granted.
Transportation of commuters, passenger baggage and freight movement was also a contributor to the changes in the atmosphere. Despite all these activities contributing to the atmospheric potential, we started recognising it only in the 20th Century (1937) when the carbon emissions reached billion tons per year and were not even an agenda point of First UN Environment conference of 1972. Many institutions were set up including Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to collate and assess evidence on climate change. This was very closely followed by Earth Summit (1992) and Kyoto Protocol (1997). The apex body of United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention’s (UNFCC) Conference of Parties (COP) have had several meetings so far since its inception in 1994 and the recent meeting at Glasgow in 2021 aimed at limiting global warming to 1.5 degree C by 2030 amounting to a cut of about 45%.
We have consumed almost 5 decades if one looks at the realization of global warming and the time taken to act but, unfortunately the situation is no better instead, turning worse from what it was. This could perhaps be because of not only our inaction but also lack of perhaps proper understanding of the crisis called ‘Climate Change’.
Any disturbance in the principal domains of environment – Land, Air and Water gets reflected in many ways especially the air we breathe. But, the emissions into the atmosphere do not remain in the same state but gets transformed into complex compounds in the presence of other elements in the atmosphere. What we seem to be addressing as ‘Climate Change’ is indeed just one of the several others. Therefore, it would be pertinent if we understood the ‘Atmospheric’ implications in a much broader perspective rather than tackling just one of them – that too unsuccessfully.
Atmospheric models do provide a certain idea on the overall scenario of the atmosphere but, the reality could be far different. However and considering the limitations at this juncture, we should start addressing the issue holistically at least from now on before it is too late. It is therefore pertinent to integrate data from various sources to find a proper solution to climate change.
CONCLUSION:
An attempt has been made to look at global warming in a broader perspective as the world is experimenting many options including the ‘Carbon Neutral’ to address Climate change. As brought out above, it is time to think differently considering the complexity of atmospheric chemistry and to find appropriate strategies and deal holistically. This is applicable considering the amount of electronic waste (mobiles, computers and TV) we are dumping right now and are preparing to add a few more to the list once AI and ML picks pace in the process of digitalization.
Greater attention on a better understanding of not only the atmospheric chemistry but even soil and water chemistry may facilitate in our attempt in this regard.
10 Comments on "How Well Do We Know Climate Change?"
makati1 on Sat, 20th Aug 2022 5:05 pm
“How Well Do We Know Climate Change?”
1. Climate has been changing for billions of years.
2. Humans cannot stop it, so we might as well try to adapt.
3. Most of what we are told about it is bullshit/propaganda. Part of the “Great Reset” the megalomaniac elite want to impose on the serfs.
FamousDrScanlon on Sat, 20th Aug 2022 8:53 pm
Mak did you read the ‘Limits to Growth’ when it was published in 1972? I doubt it since it was not printed on the back of a cereal box.
Well basically it said if the humans carried on with BAU you would be right where we are today – broke, in massive un-repayable debt, all the low hanging fruit gone and 100% human cause runway climate change. The club of Rome scientist along with most scientists never thought the climate would be so far along at this early date.
It must be the mother of all coincidences that the so called great reset is an almost identical match with the Limits to Growth’s worst case scenario.
Funny though because every conspiracy tard I ever met claims to not to believe in coincidences but they are dead fucking silent
about how the great rest consequences are identical to the 50 year old prediction of The Limits To Growth.
Oh and there is another huge and related coincidence. Isn’t it funny how all the great reset true believers are the very same people who have been mocking the Limits to Growth, human caused climate change, peak oil, etc.
That is because you have been 100% wrong about all of it. Ran your big fucking mouths for decades and now that it is all coming true you are all so fucking desperate to be reminded that you not only got it wrong but that you are one of the people who are most responsible. My my what would the grandkids say? Better to brain wash them to – deniers the next generation.
The final coincidence which I’m calling the great coincidence is how climate change denial, limits to growth denial, over population denial peak oil denial all were refined in rightwing think tanks and so is the great reset.
Funny how none of you have noticed that the Great reset has all the hall marks of professionally produced propaganda. You know just like Russia gate was conjured up in a US left wing think tank and spread more efficiently that wildfire just like the great reset spread more efficiently than wildfire and has the same easy, retard simple talking points and even simpler memes so all you half wits can get online and repeat them to each other in your daily tribal signalling sessions. Very similar to dogs sniffing each others assholes.
The people who work for US left wing think tanks and PR firms go to the same universities and take the same “communications” and “marketing” courses as the people who fabricate US right wing propaganda. Some of them will work for both left and right wing firs in their careers as professional liars. Some of the PR firms will work for both teams at the same time and/or go back and forth. This is one of the reasons they all sound the same and a few culture war differences is the only way you can tell them apart.
You American are doing it to each other. There is no great reset and old man Klaus is not going to take away your possessions in the middle of the night and then push a button that will prevent you from ever owing anything again.
The great reset is a distraction that was made up in a US rightwing think tank to once again distract you from the real criminals who have been fucking you since the day you were born – US super elites and their henchmen.
American are the most irresponsible nation in history. Spoiled babies and Y’all blame everything one each other and foreigners
especially thing you have done. Which nation is histories biggest polluter. Climate change is a Chinese hoax. Y’all lived like pigs at the trough and spent your grandkids inheritance of natural resources Klaus and the great reset – unnamed globalists dun it….not me.
It on you. American decline and collapse is the fault of Americans. America invented the worst, most decadent, hollow culture in history. It only stands to reason that they would produce the worst people.
One of my favorite things about the great reset Hollywood script is how when they picked the super villian they picked someone who is an exact match to Hollwoods best know villain Ernst Blofeld only Klaus don’t have a cat in his lap.
Ba ha ha not one of you dumb duped noticed. They played y’all like a fiddle.
Klaus Schwab IS Ernst Stavro Blofeld
In both physical appearance and global megalomania they are identical. World Economic Forum? Just say “SPECTRE.” It’s all the same. And you MUST comply! Why? Because you vill own nothing and you VILL be happy!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vgkhq9FF8jo
Mak get on your shoe-phone and call James Bond [007] to come save us from Klaus and the great reset……
‘There are two ways to be fooled. One is to believe what isn’t true; the other is to refuse to believe what is true.’ — Soren Kierkegaard
Mak says ‘climate always changes’ (a completely meaningless phrase) and it’s just the flu Bro.
Mak if a person died and someone asked you how they died would you say “people always die”?
Did he have a heart attack? – “people always die”
Was he shot? – “people always die”
Did a car run him over? – “people always die”
Did he shoot himself in the fucking head to get away from humans? – “people always die”
Did Covid get him? – “people always die”
Mak any day now you should receive a letter from Sweden informing you that you have won a Nobel prize in “Splaing Shit”, AKA “Dumbest White Man Award”. Congrats.
How about explaining how 150 years of climate science is part of the recently conjured in a US conservative think tank Great Reset?
You are in the P’s but you are still falling for the cheap propaganda targeted at your lowly educated white male conservative sub-tribe.
…
More than 99.9% of studies agree: Humans caused climate change
“More than 99.9% of peer-reviewed scientific papers agree that climate change is mainly caused by humans, according to a new survey of 88,125 climate-related studies.
The research updates a similar 2013 paper revealing that 97% of studies published between 1991 and 2012 supported the idea that human activities are altering Earth’s climate. The current survey examines the literature published from 2012 to November 2020 to explore whether the consensus has changed.
“We are virtually certain that the consensus is well over 99% now and that it’s pretty much case closed for any meaningful public conversation about the reality of human-caused climate change,” said Mark Lynas, a visiting fellow at the Alliance for Science and the paper’s first author.”
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/10/more-999-studies-agree-humans-caused-climate-change
…
Humans Caused 100% of the Past Century’s Global Warming
It’s our fault, and now it’s our responsibility to do something about it.
Unnatural Causes
https://futurism.com/humans-caused-100-of-the-past-centurys-global-warming
…
Boomers polluted the most and Boomers benefited the most, but their grand kids will pay/suffer the most.
As a show of good faith Boomer must sign over their social security cheques to Greta-N-crew and spend the rest of their days doing community service – picking up trash along the highway and such….hey fair is fair.
…..
Humans have caused almost 100% of global warming, says new IPCC report
Climate science has evolved since the last IPCC report released in 2013, and scientists are now confident that human influence has caused climate change as we know it
“The report, the first instalment of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), has a simple message:
“It is indisputable that human activities are causing climate change, making extreme climate events including heat waves, heavy rainfall, and droughts more frequent and severe.”
There is almost no doubt that most of the observed warming of the planet since the late-1800s is caused by humans.”
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/humans-have-caused-almost-100-of-global-warming-says-new-ipcc-report-78380
..
Scientists are super conservative and must abide by the rules where every claim must have evidence. Truth is, personally most of them would have said it’s 100% humans over a decade ago, but rules is rules.
You want to hear some Doomy shit, what they think is going to happen, listen to the scientists who have retired or soon will.
..
Climate Change Deniers Responsible For 100% of Human Stupidity
https://go.nasa.gov/3pwopPV
makati1 on Sun, 21st Aug 2022 1:07 am
Brainwashed Famous, did you ever learn to think for yourself? Obviously not. You are only parroting the bullshit you are fed by your masters. So be it. It will be a pleasure to watch Canada go down with the US and the rest of the arrogant West.
BTW: The “Limits of Growth” was written by the Rockefeller Foundation eugenics elite. They then spent billions to make it happen.
Might I recommend: https://www.globalresearch.ca/rise-fall-beast/5789391
Did you know that Putin is a WEF graduate? Does the Ukraine Activity fit in with the WEF reset? Hm? How better to take down the West than what is currently happening?
Do you think the Covid bullshit was not planned? Do you notice all of the negative things happening now? I doubt it. Too afraid to face the truth.
it was supremacist muzzies that caused melting of 2 miles of ice 20000 years ago on Mon, 22nd Aug 2022 10:13 pm
at the precipitate on the eve of the grate reset the question before us is whether elite whitey supertards caused the melting of two miles of ice above most of canada and northern US
i believe historical context is quintessential to the study of climate hoax. if elite whitey supertards didn’t cause the melting of ice, then it’s incumbent upon us to identify the factors that enable elite whitey supertards to cause the climate hoax today.
only a genetic and social understanding will enable us to find effective solutions we’re facing
most experts agree there were no elite whitey supertards at the time. this simply means elite whitey supertards did not cause the melting of two miles of ice of the Laurentide Ice Sheet 20,000 years ago
experts debated the posibility of time travel which keeps open the question whether elite whitey supertards caused the melting of ice.
experts say archeological evidences show the entire expanse were full of supremacist muzzies. worldwide there were 80 billions humans at the time, all supremacist muzzies.
did elite whitey supertards plant evidences to blame supremacist muzzies?
it was supremacist muzzies that caused melting of 2 miles of ice
supertards please change ur undies after 2 weeks
please feel at ease among friends, we’re all lovers of supremacist muzzies here.
Dredd on Tue, 23rd Aug 2022 9:47 am
“How Well Do We Know Climate Change?”
Depends on who “we” are …
FamousDrScanlon on Wed, 24th Aug 2022 2:00 pm
Most bleak federal report yet on high-tide/sunny-day tide floods
Remember the octopus in the Miami parking garage in 2016? Think of it as today’s modern-day canary in the coal mine.
“The federal government’s eighth State of High Tide Flooding report is its starkest assessment yet detailing the upward trends of rising seas spilling into coastal cities.
Scientists at NOAA’s National Ocean Service – the agency’s water counterpart to the National Weather Service – earlier this month reported threefold and fivefold increases since 2000 in sunny-day, high-tide flooding for the southeastern U.S. and western Gulf Coast, respectively. Despite an ongoing La Niña in the eastern Pacific, which can temporarily dampen sea levels along the U.S. coast, the frequency of relentless saltwater flooding – unrelated to extreme weather – has continued to accelerate across the U.S. in 2022.”
https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2022/08/most-bleak-federal-report-yet-on-high-tide-sunny-day-tide-floods/
https://youtu.be/P8IcW5TtP0E
FamousDrScanlon on Wed, 24th Aug 2022 2:12 pm
China’s unrivaled 70-day heat wave
“The extreme heat and drought that has been roasting a vast swath of southern China for at least 70 straight days has no parallel in modern record-keeping in China, or elsewhere around the world for that matter.”
https://www.axios.com/2022/08/22/china-heat-wave-drought-unprecedented
….
What’s left of the human future will be filled with extreme weather events no human, alive or dead, has ever had to endure.
…
<i“Yesterday 23 August was day #73 of this tremendous heat wave in China: 50 all time records were broken + more tied records and many monthly records. (see list below).
“Three provinces had their hottest day ever: Sichuan: 43.8C [110.8F] at Neijiang; Guizhou: 43.5C at Chishui; Jiangxi: 42.6C at Xiushui.”
https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1562356539343589376>
FamousDrScanlon on Wed, 24th Aug 2022 2:24 pm
Flash floods wreak havoc in US south-west – but are no salve for drought
Climate experts warn temporary increases in water levels will not mitigate a crisis that has been years in the making
The rain has also caused widespread destruction and put people in danger.
A slow-moving storm dumped record amounts of rain on the Dallas-Fort Worth area, prompting rescues from the rising waters. A state of disaster was declared in Dallas county on Monday evening after the area got nearly the amount of rain in one day as typically falls over the entire summer.
The severe storms were just the latest to take a toll on the region, which produced a major flash flood from Death Valley earlier this month and pushed the Navajo Nation to declare a state of emergency. Parts of Yellowstone national park are still in recovery from the multimillion-dollar destruction caused by record rains in June, and debris flows forced New Mexico residents hit by early-season catastrophic wildfires to evacuate for the second time in mere months.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/22/us-south-west-storm-drought-climate-crisis
Good thing the billions in damages is just a hoax and not real. A pretend disaster created by the Chinese to destroy American manufacturing. That could not be more wrong.
The Chinese want to see more manufacturing in the US. Their plan is for a hundred million white Americans to spend 12hr shifts manufacturing fast fashion, smart phones and video games for obese middle class Chinese kids.
Round-eye my new bitch! I give you meth you work more!
makati1 on Wed, 24th Aug 2022 5:20 pm
Weather,Famous. How old are you and how aware were you in the past of the weather extremes? this is not new. Just more brainwashing from your masters to make you start to eat bugs.
If you want to pay multiple times the current price for your stuff, move the factories to America. Not going to happen because the multinationals would go out of business. Their profit is the Asian market, not the Western one. One billion declining customers in the West. Six billion plus growing customers in the East.
“A paper published in PNAS reconstructs droughts of the southwest US over the past 1,200 years and finds the natural drought ~ 1,100 years ago [during the low-CO2 Medieval Warm Period ~1,300 to ~900 years ago] was far more severe and longer lasting than any droughts since.”
https://www.climatedepot.com/2014/09/11/paper-finds-drought-1100-years-ago-in-southwest-us-was-much-more-severe-extreme-than-any-drought-since-published-in-pnas/
“Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) and Hohokam peoples were particularly affected by the Great Drought; their agricultural economies had by this time enabled them to form densely occupied communities. After repeated years of crop failure, they were compelled to abandon their towns and disperse across the land. Parallel reductions in wild food sources affected nomadic peoples, and social disruptions are thought to have occurred as nomads and former farmers were placed in competition for the few resources that survived under very dry conditions.”
https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Drought
Where was the industrial/human cause then?
Will burke on Sun, 4th Sep 2022 6:17 am
Men have great powers using electronics to change weather, old power families and jesuits plan many decades ahead, we have new objects orbiting the sun, and earth has new moons and let’s blame god and nature, but men are depopulating this year, all the shots are not the same, so know that, regions were given safe saline, stock up food ect, I suppose you would dismiss a claim that men have done us a favor by installing a rather astonishing and successful large thing in the daytime sky