by MrBill » Thu 20 Dec 2007, 11:39:44
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('heroineworshipper', 'C')NN wrote:
> with oil prices now retreating below $90 a barrel after
> flirting with $100, the market - and Fed - probably has
> even less reason to worry about inflation
Bet U didn't expect $90 oil to be deflationary, but with a ponderous flood of newly printed money keeping housing afloat, now it is.
Inflation is inflation. Deflation is deflation. Falling inflation is not deflation. Falling prices are not deflation.
As Micki correctly points out, inflation - and therefore deflation - have everything to do with money supply growth relative to growth in the real economy.
If money supply growth is constant then high energy prices will be offset by lower spending elsewhere in the economy.
Inflation occurs when high energy prices are offset by faster money supply growth. And correspondingly, deflation would occur if you had high energy prices and money supply was shrinking.
That is not the case at the moment. We have high energy prices and money supply growth in excess of real growth in the economy, so it is naturally inflationary!
I will post this piece by Caroline Baum. She probably explains it better than I can. Thanks.
$this->bbcode_second_pass_quote('', ' ')
Good cheer and glad tidings are in short supply right now in the corridors of the world's central banks.
Policy makers in the industrialized world face the growing prospect of slower growth and higher inflation, at least higher reported inflation from the acceleration in energy and food prices.
Inflation is a lagging indicator. Credit events are deflationary. The constriction of the credit channel will eventually lead to lower inflation. In the meantime, central banks can look forward to a holiday season of bad numbers and rising inflation expectations.
Let's start with that last bastion of monetarism, the European Central Bank. The ECB has become one of the more transparent central banks, something that becomes obvious to anyone visiting its Web site. Go to the ECB home page, click on ``Monetary Policy,'' then on ``Strategy,'' and read about the bank's ``two-pillar approach'' to policy. (While you're in the neighborhood, don't miss the nifty flow chart on the transmission mechanism of monetary policy.)
Pillar one is economic analysis, which focuses on real activity and financial conditions. Asset prices also get a mention, which separates the ECB from the U.S. Federal Reserve.
Pillar two is monetary analysis, which
``exploits the long- run link between money and prices.'' Over time, too much of the first causes a rise in the second. The ECB defines price stability as a year-on-year inflation rate of less than 2 percent in the medium term.
That Nagging Equation
So how's the ECB doing, as former New York City Mayor Ed Koch was wont to ask his constituents. Inflation in the 13-member euro zone touched 3.1 percent in November, the highest in 6 1/2 years. The core measure, which excludes food, alcohol and tobacco, is up 1.9 percent in the last 12 months. The Europeans don't do much coring when it comes to inflation.
Real gross domestic product growth in the euro zone has averaged 2.7 percent in the last two years. Here's where the second pillar comes in.
The ECB doesn't place a priority on the monetary aggregates because another line item looks good on the Web site.
There is a long-run link between money and prices expressed as the equation of exchange, or MV=PY, where M is money, V is velocity (the rate at which money turns over), P is prices and Y is output, or GDP. What that means is over time, assuming velocity is constant, nominal growth in the money supply equals nominal GDP.
Money Pipeline
Oops.
M3, the broad monetary aggregate favored by the ECB, rose 12.3 percent in October from a year earlier. There's a big gap -- and a lot of potential inflation -- between real growth of 2.7 percent and nominal money growth of 12.3 percent. No wonder ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet said on Dec. 6 that the two options for the ECB were raising rates or holding them steady. The ECB's benchmark rate has been at 4 percent since June, double what it was two years ago.
Across the pond,
the Fed is in an unenviable position as well. It doesn't have two pillars; it doesn't even have a post.
What it has is a dual mandate (maximum employment and price stability), an implicit inflation target of 1 percent to 2 percent on a price index for consumer purchases excluding food and energy, and some bad inflation news.
Friday the U.S. Labor Department reported that the CPI rose 4.3 percent in November from a year earlier and 2.3 percent excluding food and energy.
In a tacit acknowledgment that energy prices have gone one way (up) for seven of the last eight years and food prices haven't fallen on an annual basis in at least 40, the Fed is now releasing quarterly forecasts for overall and core inflation.
Zero Return?
With 10-year Treasury notes yielding 4.23 percent, less than current inflation, the Fed can take comfort in the fact that investors don't expect today's rate of inflation to persist over the life of the notes.
The bad news is five-year inflation expectations five years from now crept higher last week following a coordinated effort to address banks' short-term funding needs and encourage them to make loans. The Fed announced a term auction facility to provide collateralized loans to depository institutions for a month at a rate determined by bid. The ECB, Bank of England, Swiss National Bank and Bank of Canada will offer similar facilities to provide dollar liquidity pursuant to an increase in their swap lines with the Fed.
Like the ECB, the BOE has an inflation target of 2 percent. Unlike its European counterpart, it lowered its benchmark rate by 25 basis points to 5.5 percent on Dec. 6. A week earlier, BOE Governor Mervyn King was fretting over faster inflation.
No Ho-Ho
U.K. policy makers expect economic growth to slow as falling home prices and tighter lending conditions conspire to sap what has been a fast-growing U.K. economy.
Inflation is running at 2.1 percent. Ten-year inflation expectations have drifted higher over the last couple of years to 3.23 percent, suggesting
investors don't agree with the BOE's assessment that this month's rate cut ``was necessary to meet the 2 percent target for CPI inflation in the medium term.'' The deterioration in financial market conditions and credit constraints threatening economic growth require the balm of lower interest rates. If central banks can pull it off without igniting inflation or another asset bubble it's sure to bring tidings of comfort and joy.
Dec. 17 (Bloomberg)
As she points out it is not entirely an American phenomenon, but a global malaise! But she does write well, eh? ; - )