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Solar radiation will increase 2300 times: this is what science tells us about the future of our star
The development that astrophysics has experienced during the last century has been spectacular. The human being has always felt an enormous fascination for the objects that he could observe in the sky, so much so that we know for sure that Socrates and Plato reflected on them and their nature. nearly two and a half millennia ago with the same curiosity and restlessness that have since fed the many scientists who have brought us to where we are today.
We still have a long way to go to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos, there is no doubt about that, but one of the areas in which astrophysics has advanced the most in recent decades is stellar evolution. This does not mean at all that we know in detail what the life of all stars is like, but the tools that physics and mathematics have placed in our hands allow us to know quite well the stages through which the life of a star passes. And ours, the one that bathes our precious planet with its energy, is no exception.
It all starts with a cloud of gas and dust
Gravity is an inexhaustible force. She is the true engine of the universe, and the one responsible for the birth of the stars. Its origin takes place from the clouds of gas and dust scattered throughout the cosmos, so that when its density is high enough, gravity triggers a mechanism known as gravitational contractionwhich little by little condenses the matter of the cloud to give rise to a protostar or stellar baby.
The life of all stars is profoundly conditioned by their initial composition, and, above all, by their mass.
The life of all stars is profoundly conditioned by their initial composition, and, above all, for its mass. They are about 70% hydrogen, 24-26% helium, and 4-6% chemical elements heavier than helium. The most massive stars, those that manage to condense more matter thanks to gravitational contraction, consume their fuel much faster than less massive stars. They are the perfect candidates to end their days in the form of a neutron star or a black hole.
For the ignition of hydrogen in the core of the protostar to begin thanks to nuclear fusion reactions, its innermost region must reach a temperature of ten million degrees Celsius. Once again, what is responsible for these conditions is gravity, which relentlessly compacts the matter and causes it to gradually heat up until, finally, the nuclear furnace is turned on. This is the moment in which the birth of the star occurs, beginning a phase of its life known as main sequence.
Stars are born from the clouds of gas and dust scattered throughout the cosmos and under the tireless action of gravity.
During this stage the star obtains its energy from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, and begins the production of helium, which will be followed by other chemical elements in later stages. The composition of the star begins to change at the same instant that the nuclear furnace is turned on, but what is most surprising is the mechanism that allows the star to stay stable From this moment.
Gravity continues to compress and heat the star’s matter, but the combustion of its chemical elements generates radiation and gas pressure to keep it at bay. Gravity pulls the star’s matter inward, toward its core, and radiation and gas pressure pulls the star’s matter in the opposite direction, outward. These opposing forces keep the star in hydrostatic balancealthough it is constantly readjusted as it consumes its fuel and its composition changes.
If the star is massive enough, it will continue to consume its helium reserves, producing carbon and other chemical elements, which will also be gradually consumed through nuclear fusion reactions. But this process has an expiration date. From iron it is not possible to obtain energy through nuclear fusion processes, so that when the core of the star evolves through the stellar nucleosynthesis until it is made up of iron, energy production stops.
At that moment, the pressure of radiation and gases is not able to compensate for the pull of gravitational contraction, so the star collapses. Gravity and pressure from the upper layers suddenly compress its core, so that all the material above it falls onto it with enormous energy and bounces back out into the stellar medium. There has just been a supernova, a phenomenon that has caused much of the matter that the star has synthesized to be scattered throughout the cosmos. Those chemical elements will shape new clouds of gas and dust from which new planets and stars may be born.
This image, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, shows us a portion of the Lagoon Nebula, located in the constellation of Sagittarius.
What remains of the massive star after the supernova, the remnant, is another colossal object. Possibly that terrifyingly energetic explosion will leave behind a neutron star, but if the mass of that object is high enough there is a possibility that it will give rise to a quark star. Or even a black hole.
The superficial review that we have just done can be useful not only to intuit what the life of a massive star is like; It can also help us understand how the life of our Sun has been until reaching the stage in which it is currently. And also to predict how is your future going to be. However, if you want to know in more detail the stellar evolution I suggest you take a look at the article in which we address it in more depth. In the same way, if you are curious to know more about neutron stars and quarks, you can consult the article that I link right here.
Our Sun has only consumed 40% of its fuel
The estimates of the scientists defend that the star that bathes us with its energy has approximately 4.6 billion years. They also believe that it formed at the same time as the planets orbiting it, so this is also the approximate age of the solar system we live in. For us the Sun is very special because without its energy life on our planet would not be possible, but in reality it is a relatively small star. There are millions of stars like her scattered throughout the cosmos.
Astrophysicists estimate that the Sun has consumed about 40% of its fuel
It is currently in the main sequence phase, so, as we have seen a few paragraphs above, it is consuming hydrogen in its nucleus and producing helium. Its luminosity is gradually increasing due to the fact that this last chemical element is accumulating inside it, and also because the processes of nuclear fusion are gradually spreading towards the outermost layers.
Astrophysicists estimate that the Sun has consumed about 40% of your fuel, so it will remain within the main sequence for many millions more years. But this is not the only thing they know. The most advanced models of stellar evolution reflect that it will reach its maximum effective temperature within the main sequence phase in approximately 3 billion years.
Our star has a life of about 7 billion years ahead of it, although it will not always have the appearance and size it has now.
And within 5 billion years according to some estimates, or 6.4 billion according to other studies, its core will no longer contain the hydrogen necessary for thermonuclear processes to continue. At that moment it will turn off, and will transform into an inert core in which helium will predominate. Nuclear fusion will continue to take place around the core, the star’s volume will increase significantly, and its luminosity will be twice what it is today.
Fortunately, there is still a lot of time for the thermonuclear processes in the core of the Sun to stop, but that will not be the moment that could end life on our planet. And it is that astrophysicists believe that it will be enough for the luminosity to increase until it is 1.1 times the current to trigger a greenhouse effect on Earth that is incompatible with life.
The luminosity of our star will continue to increase, and when it is 1.4 times current the oceans will evaporate, although we will not be here to see it. In any case, we can be calm because the most advanced models estimate that the biosphere will not be threatened by the Sun for about 3.5 billion years. Those same models predict that our star has a life of about 7 billion years ahead of it, although it will not always have the appearance and size that it has now.
As I mentioned a few lines above, as the thermonuclear processes stop in the solar core, the volume of the star will increase significantly until it becomes a red giant. In this phase the star will lose a lot of mass, and, although astrophysicists are not entirely sure about what its life will be like from here, they believe that its size will increase enough to end up devouring the planet Mercury.
A one-cubic-centimeter fragment of a neutron star weighs roughly 1 billion tons.
At this time the Sun will emit approximately 2300 times the current radiation. It will continue to consume hydrogen in the layers surrounding the inert helium core, and later the fusion of helium nuclei at its heart will begin. Its luminosity at that time will be 40 times higher than it is now, and it will continue to expand until it is 150 times larger than it is now.
The biosphere will not be threatened by the Sun for about 3.5 billion years.
The models with which astrophysicists work do not allow us to know precisely if the expansion of the star will cause it to also engulf Venus and the Earth because its loss of mass will be very significant. In any case, at that time solar radiation It will have completely destroyed the Earth’s atmosphere.
Its point luminosity will continue to increase until it is 5000 times the currentand at the end of its days the gravitational collapse will expel its outer layers from the stellar medium, leaving as a remnant a white dwarf with a size very similar to that of the Earth and a mass that will be approximately half of that of the Sun today. .
Everything we have just seen invites us to accept that stars are living objects, and as such, they are born, grow, die and reproduce. In this order. With a lot of effort, and also with a bit of luck, the human being may be able to establish himself beyond our planet, and when conditions on Earth are incompatible with life, we may have spread to other regions of the cosmos. Or maybe not. In any case, if we stick to the expiration date imposed by our star, we have 3.5 billion years to find a solution.
23 Comments on "Solar radiation will increase 2300 times: this is what science tells us about the future of our star"
FamousDrScanlon on Sat, 24th Sep 2022 1:08 pm
Humans will be extinct before this century is done – hothouse mass extinction(again).
Alaska’s newest lakes are belching methane
“This lake wasn’t here 50 years ago.”
“Years ago, the ground was about three meters taller and it was a spruce forest,” she says
Big Trail Lake is a thermokarst lake, which means it formed due to permafrost thaw. Permafrost is ground that stays frozen year round; the permafrost in interior Alaska also has massive wedges of actual ice locked within the frozen ground. When that ice melts, the ground surface collapses and forms a sinkhole that can fill with water. Thus, a thermokarst lake is born.
“Lakes like Big Trail are new, they’re young, and they are important because these lakes are what’s going to happen in the future,” she explained.
They’re also belching methane—a potent greenhouse gas—into the atmosphere.
https://phys.org/news/2022-09-alaska-lakes-belching-methane.html
Positive feedback loop
There will come a day when the methane & CO2
emissions from the dozens of positive feedback loops already well underway will exceed puny human emissions.
FamousDrScanlon on Sat, 24th Sep 2022 1:11 pm
“Australia between record heat in the North and heavy rain in the East.
“High temperature records today with 42.7C [108.9F] at Derby in Western Australia, a monthly record and only 0.4C from the Australian September record. It’s also the hottest Australian day ever prior to the spring equinox.”
https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1572905315720634369
FamousDrScanlon on Sat, 24th Sep 2022 1:50 pm
It don’t change a thing, but if an extreme far left tribe takes power every one of these dishonorable slimy fucks will have their necks stretched in one of hundreds of rounds of public executions.
Shell, BP, Exxon: Seized emails reveal ‘deceptive’ climate tactics and greenwashing
“Oil and gas companies may commit to net zero goals in public – but internal emails tell a different story.
A US congressional investigation into climate disinformation has revealed over 200 pages of in-house messages between lobbyists and Shell, Chevron, and ExxonMobil employees.
In these internal memos, personnel question their own environmental commitments and joke about climate collapse.
Politicians and campaigners have slammed the companies for their “deception.”
“These revelations are the latest evidence that oil giants keep lying about their commitments to solve the climate crisis and should never be trusted by policymakers,” said Richard Wiles, president of the Center for Climate Integrity.”
https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/09/23/shell-bp-exxon-seized-emails-reveal-deceptive-climate-tactics-and-greenwashing
“Climate Integrity” Nonsensical corporaty sounding weasel words
FamousDrScanlon on Sat, 24th Sep 2022 3:39 pm
New Rule: Let the Population Collapse | Real Time with Bill Maher
‘Instead of worrying about population decline, we should be celebrating it.’
https://youtu.be/HB97iwcm_Qc?list=PLAF22812129BFCD50
Extreme far right & left are the only governments who have reduced population by policy.
I’m all for it with the criteria being the parents IQ scores. The lowest 10% go, no questions asked.
Their children will be tested when their time comes.
makati1 on Sat, 24th Sep 2022 4:40 pm
The sun controls the earth’s weather and life. Humans may modify or kill off some species, but we have nothing to do with climate change. All we can do is adapt as all of our ancestors have done.
Currently there are 35 volcanoes erupting across the world. THEY affect the weather more than man. There are about 1,350 potentially active volcanoes worldwide. Think of the extinction event they would cause if they all erupted at one time.
https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/volcano-activity/news/192536/Volcanic-activity-worldwide-23-Sep-2022-Fuego-volcano-Klyuchevskoy-Popocatepetl-Ibu-Reventador.html
https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-active-volcanoes-are-there-earth
Man is an insect when measured by nature.
Theedrich on Sat, 24th Sep 2022 7:52 pm
The crime syndicate in Washington wants us to believe that Russia is threatening nuclear war. In reality, it is our “democratic” government which is threatening Russia with nuclear annihilation. This was exposed by Mercouris today at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja_YCSWQlWM&list=UUwGpHa6rMLjSSCBlckm5khw (Alexander Mercouris, “
Russia Storming Bakhmut Suburb Zaitsevo, Mobilisation Continues; US Giving Moscow Nuclear Warnings”), starting at 15:42.
The U.S. population is carefully kept unaware that the Bidenite administration, London, and Brussels have been surreptitiously — under cover of the mask of “strategic ambiguity,” as revealed by the Washington Post — threatening Russia with nuclear war. Putin referred to “statements made by some high-ranking representatives of the leading NATO countries on the possibility and admissibility of using weapons of mass destruction, nuclear weapons, against Russia.”
In short, the United States is covertly threatening Russia with nuclear annihilation. The blather excreted by the regime-controlled media is just psychological warfare against the population of the U.S.
FamousDrScanlon on Sat, 24th Sep 2022 8:51 pm
100% human caused climate change tearing 100% human built techno industrial civilization a new asshole multiply times per day all around the world 365 days a year until the last human is squashed like a bug.
‘Chaos’ in Queensland and NSW after massive rainfall totals
An east coast low is still rocking Australia after “mind-boggling” rainfall totals of 250mm were recorded in just three hours.
“They quickly had to rush to higher ground, with one drenched camper saying it happened in the space of just 20 minutes.”
https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/chaos-in-queensland-and-nsw-due-to-severe-storms/news-story/442522667e3df869569284c010360f30
Analysis: Why scientists think 100% of global warming is due to humans
Carbon Brief’s analysis finds that:
Since 1850, almost all the long-term warming can be explained by greenhouse gas emissions and other human activities.
If greenhouse gas emissions alone were warming the planet, we would expect to see about a third more warming than has actually occurred. They are offset by cooling from human-produced atmospheric aerosols.
Aerosols are projected to decline significantly by 2100, bringing total warming from all factors closer to warming from greenhouse gases alone.
Natural variability in the Earth’s climate is unlikely to play a major role in long-term warming.
https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-scientists-think-100-of-global-warming-is-due-to-humans/
If/when a major economic depression hits, a few weeks later when all the radiation diffusing human solid air pollution falls to earth, it’s gonna get hot fast. People will be trapped inside during the day like vampires.
FamousDrScanlon on Sat, 24th Sep 2022 9:49 pm
Hey old mormon boom tard I’ve posted many links to the evidence showing that almost all mass extinction & lesser extinction periods were due to a hothouse earth due to greenhouse gass emissions from volcanic traps.
You keep shoving your foot deeper in your mouth. Holy fuck are you ever a stupid cocksucking halfwit.
Your brain is an insect.Dumb fuck
Theedrich according to mak there is no need to worry about nuclear war – annihilation is impossible because humans are not powerful enough to effect the earth.
That 100% wrong bullshit come straight out of American evangelical central. Only god has the power bla bla bla I’m a Geebus luvin low IQ fuck tard.
Hey boomer moron tard, the worst mass extinction ever was caused bu greenhouse gasses puked out by the Siberian Traps. As a non reader and non learner you don’t know that volcanoes are like minnows compared to volvanic traps.
What is record breaking astounding it that the humans have puked out their emissions at lightening speed compared to the Siberian traps. Nothing on thiis earth has ever spit up greenhouse gasses at the rate the human do. It;s not even close. It;s like Usain bolt racing a senior citizen.
..
Study: We Are Emitting Carbon Dioxide 200 Times Faster Than Super-eruptions That Caused Mass Extinctions
“… humanity is emitting carbon 200 times faster than the rate of the prehistoric super-eruptions that caused mass extinctions.
Mass extinctions resulting from supervolcanic activity were found to be due chiefly to enormous, rapid emissions of carbon dioxide, as opposed to the gentle, glacially slow natural carbon cycle; and opposed to other phenomena related with super-eruptions. Sudden, massive release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases seem to have pushed the global environment beyond a tipping point, acidifying the oceans and lifting temperatures to deadly levels.
“Mass extinction” technically means that at least 75 percent of all species die within a short time, geologically speaking: within a couple to a few million years.”
https://www.haaretz.com/science-and-health/climate-change/2022-07-31/ty-article/study-carbon-dioxide-being-emitted-200x-faster-than-mass-extinction-super-eruptions/00000182-5488-d364-abff-5d8bbb1e0000
The Great Dying: Earth’s largest-ever mass extinction is a warning for humanity
“Right now our planet is in the midst of what science says is an unprecedented rate of change, unlike anything seen in tens of millions of years. Overconsumption, unsustainable practices and the release of immense amounts of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels are altering our life-sustaining climate at a dangerous pace, oceans are acidifying and losing oxygen, and species are dying off.”
“Recently, two groundbreaking studies on the Great Dying reveal that the causes of that mass extinction bear some striking similarities to what’s happening today. In fact, in some ways the pace of change, such as the rate of release of greenhouse gases, is much faster today than it was 250 million years ago.”
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/great-dying-permian-triassic-extinction-event-warning-humanity/
The biggest sign you are dealing with a super fool is after he’s been exposed as a know nothing fool he keeps talking too fucking dumb to get it. I’d much rather be though a cunt than a fool. Other than fags, I don’t know anyone who doesn’t like to spend quality time with a cunt
Duncan Idaho on Sun, 25th Sep 2022 10:44 am
House Republicans used stock footage of a drilling rig in Russia in their video celebrating their vision for America in 2023.
https://i0.wp.com/img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/632de30b2600003600409091.jpg?ssl=1
Well, at least the idiots knew it was a drilling rig—-
y do many elite whitey supertards who are not associated with former elite whitey supertard AH consider elite whitey supertards from russia subhumans on Sun, 25th Sep 2022 4:25 pm
who say elite whitey supertards are fast learners
should’d stopped at the most horrific ww in human history which was fought in trenches and using chemical weapons. that is WW1
if this is how elite whitey supertards think of each other it isn’t that difficult for elite whitey (((supertards))) to send weapons for the booms booms
supertards please change ur undies after 3 weeks
please feel at ease among friends, we’re all lovers of supremacist muzzies here
makati1 on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 5:37 am
Famous, you need a mind wash. Quoting canned Jew brainwashing and censored bull shit (CBS) is laughable. Climates have been changing for billions of years and humans had nothing to do with it. Do some real climate research and find out that the events today are not new. They happened frequently BEFORE FFs were in style. The Sahara Desert was a jungle with all kinds of African animals about 9,000 years ago. It may revert to that again when the winds change. Likewise, the US may become a desert. You and I will not be here to see it.
This “Global Warming”/”Climate Change” bullshit is ALL about $$$$ and power. Nothing else. If the elite are so worried about it, they would give up their yachts, mansions and jets and cut their carbon waste 99.99%, but they won’t. They want you to live like a Medieval serf while they live better than kings on your blood.
But you will never change you mind and look at the real, non-propaganda world. it would hurt too much. So be it. The West is going down. I think Putin will take the gloves off and show the West that their time is over. We shall see. Pass the Smirnoff on ice.
Duncan Idaho on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 10:13 am
“After the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, wages, height, and life expectancy improved rapidly. This is because the new government invested in public health care, education, and the universal distribution of food.”
supremacist muzzie muhammad hijab gona go to jail like supremacist muzzie andy chowdary on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 2:17 pm
supertards please change ur undies after 3 weeks
please feel at ease among friends, we’re all lovers of supremacist muzzies here
most experts agree it was supremacist muzzies that increased solar radiation and melted the two mile tall ice that coverred canada and northern US on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 2:29 pm
Experts estimated there were 80 billion people worldwide 20,000 years ago during the Laurentide Ice Sheet period. All 80 billions are supremacist muzzies
Experts caution this ice age can return.
supertards please change ur undies after 3 weeks
please feel at ease among friends, we’re all lovers of supremacist muzzies here
FamousDrScanlon on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 3:48 pm
Are you still being breast fed by your alcoholic mommy muzzie lover? What exactly is it about muzzies that has given you your muzzie obsession? It it their cocks? Do you love the taste of muzzie cock so much you can’t stop talking and drooling about it? Salad tossing? Have you tossed a muzze’s salad and loves that wiped hoop so much it’s all you can babble about?
Cock sucking salad tossing muzzi loving fagot.
Wildfires Quietly Threaten a Crucial Water Source in the West
Snow is melting earlier in fire-ravaged areas, with potentially disastrous consequences.
“According to research published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, wildfire is increasingly altering the snowpack in the western United States. Kampf, the study’s lead author and a professor of watershed science at Colorado State University, says that the Cameron Peak Fire—Colorado’s largest fire to date—inspired her research, because it started so close to the Continental Divide, a mountain range that divides the country’s principal drainage systems. That surprised Kampf. “We started wondering, is this something that’s happening elsewhere in the West?” she says.”
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/09/wildfires-melting-snow-climate-change/671549/
FamousDrScanlon on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 3:51 pm
Wellington’s winter wettest on record, new figures show
” The wettest month was July. Rainfall in that month was up 200% on long-term seasonal averages. August was not far behind with rainfall 170% higher than average and June was up 160%.
“Spare a thought for the standout soaking of Karori, which in August had a nearly 250% increase in its average rainfall,” said the council’s senior climate scientist, Dr Alex Pezza.”
https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/weather-news/129992070/wellingtons-winter-wettest-on-record-new-figures-show
FamousDrScanlon on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 3:58 pm
““The ongoing flood emergency in New South Wales is expected to continue due to a new trough forecast to bring further wet weather across the state from Monday.
“The towns of Warren and Wee Waa, in the state’s north, are cut off by road and expected to remain that way for days.”
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/25/nsw-flood-emergency-forecast-to-continue-as-towns-cut-off-by-road
““Australia is still with a persistent heat wave in the North: on 25th September the city of Darwin, Northern Territory. had a minimum temperature of 27.4C [81.3F, the highest ever recorded in September.
“Record of highest minimum also at Marble Bar Western Australia, with 24.8C.”
https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1573970968908898306
FamousDrScanlon on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 4:03 pm
“Tropical Storm Talas impacted central Japan with record-breaking heavy rains Saturday although it had a minimum TS intensity.
“Shizuoka had 405mm [16 inches] in 12 hours, making it the all-time record, and 140% of its monthly rainfall for September. Talas killed two people in the nation.”
https://twitter.com/sayakasofiamori/status/1573986561011912704
Smash smash the record book and smash smash the humans and their infrastructure.
FamousDrScanlon on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 4:03 pm
“Lightning and heavy rains kill 36 in northern India in one day… Authorities say climate breakdown is driving surge in deadly monsoon season weather events…
“Officials said 39 people had been killed by lightning in the past five days, prompting authorities to issue new guidelines advising people how to protect themselves during a thunderstorm.”
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/24/northern-india-lightning-heavy-rains-deaths
FamousDrScanlon on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 4:04 pm
“Dirty air in the Middle East caused by humans, not by natural dust storms – study…
““Our research has demonstrated that hazardous fine particulate matter, which is distinct from the less harmful coarse desert dust particles, is largely anthropogenic in origin and is a leading health risk factor, as well a significant contributor to climate change,” Osipov asserted.”
https://www.jpost.com/environment-and-climate-change/article-718134
makati1 on Mon, 26th Sep 2022 4:51 pm
Guys, all Famous is good for is put downs. If any of you remember Davy, the Missouri mule, Famous is a clone. Narrow minded stupidity is just another name for brainwashed. Beyond help.
FamousDrScanlon on Wed, 28th Sep 2022 1:50 pm
yabut mak that’s only the online version of me. In the real world I put boot in ass & fist in face to go along with the verbal abuse. I can’t help my violent outbursts cuz my daddy beat me since before kindergarten.
I don’t exactly see any of the ‘guys’ rushing to your defense fuck stick.
Perhaps labeling everyone, except yourself, as brainwashed for the last decade has not served you so well? Everyone already knows I’m a cunt, but since I’m interesting, provide awesome content & make people laugh I get away with much. You on the other hand are as bland & boring as old concrete.
I’m done. You have my permission to carry on with your feeble attempt to collect allies.
justinscott on Tue, 29th Jul 2025 3:39 am
I find the projections about solar radiation increasing 2,300 times both fascinating and alarming. It underscores skilled nursing facility Los Angeles how dynamic and powerful our sun truly is. This kind of data pushes me to think more seriously about space weather impacts, long-term climate effects, and the urgent need for advanced solar observation and mitigation strategies.